Since subepithelial fibrosis and protruded extracellular matrix are among the histological characteristics of polyps, the emilin/multimerin domain-containing protein 2 (EMID2) gene is speculated to be involved in the presence of nasal polyps in asthma and aspirin-hypersensitive patients.
Methods
To investigate the association between EMID2 and nasal polyposis, 49 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 467 asthmatics of Korean ancestry who were stratified further into 114 aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) and 353 aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) subgroups. From pairwise comparison of the genotyped polymorphisms, 14 major haplotypes (frequency > 0.05) were inferred and selected for association analysis. Differences in the frequency distribution of EMID2 variations between polyp-positive cases and polyp-negative controls were determined using logistic analyses.
Results
Initially, 13 EMID2 variants were significantly associated with the presence of nasal polyps in the overall asthma group (P = 0.0008-0.05, OR = 0.54-1.32 using various modes of genetic inheritance). Although association signals from 12 variants disappeared after multiple testing corrections, the relationship between EMID2_BL1_ht2 and nasal polyposis remained significant via a codominant mechanism (Pcorr = 0.03). On the other hand, the nominal associations observed between the genetic variants tested for the presence of nasal polyps in AERD (P = 0.003-0.05, OR = 0.25-1.82) and ATA (P = 0.01-0.04, OR = 0.46-10.96) subgroups disappeared after multiple comparisons, suggesting lack of associations.
Conclusions
These preliminary findings suggest that EMID2_BL1_ht2 may be a susceptibility marker of inflammation of the nasal passages among Korean asthma patients.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2350-13-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Charisse Flerida Arnejo Pasaje, Joon Seol Bae contributed equally to this work.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
CFP and JSB developed tables/figures, carried out data interpretation, provided rationale for the study, and drafted the manuscript. BLP and HSC performed the statistical analysis. ASJ and STU collected the data. JHK assisted in data interpretation and drafting of the manuscript. CSP and HDS conceived the study, participated in its design, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Background
Nasal polyps are abnormal lesions arising mainly from the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. The histopathologic characteristics of these polyps include extensive thickening of the basement membrane due to deposition of fibronectin and collagens, an event that is referred to as subepithelial fibrosis [1]. Nasal polyposis occur more frequently in asthma and aspirin hypersensitive patients [2], resulting in symptoms of airways bronchoconstriction and mucus hypersecretion, and posing threats of respiratory failure in affected individuals. Despite previous attempts to explain disease pathogenesis, the exact genetic mechanisms underlying the development of nasal polyps in asthma patients are still unclear and would benefit from further research.
Recently, the human emilin/multimerin domain-containing protein 2 (EMID2) gene has been implicated as a potential marker of aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), a condition that is characterized by the presence of nasal polyps in nasal passages [3]. Emilin and multimerin are glycoproteins that act as major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) [4], a cellular structure that is accumulated in diseases of the airways. Mapped to the 7q22.1 locus and spanning over 194 kb with 13 exons, EMID2 codes for a protein that encodes three identical collagen α1 (XXVI) chains (COL26A1) which comprises 438 amino acids in length [5]. In addition to collagen deposition in the basement membrane as a feature of nasal polyps, subepithelial fibrosis has also been implicated in low forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), a common parameter used in assessing bronchial constriction. Furthermore, EMID2 binds to a gene [5] that has recently been shown to be highly expressed in nasal mucosa,[6] providing a link between EMID2 and nasal polyposis.
Anzeige
Despite the relevance of EMID2 in various cellular processes, little is known regarding the involvement of the gene in human diseases. With the accumulation of the ECM in nasal polyp tissues and the crucial role of subepithelial fibrosis in disease pathogenesis, a case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between variations in EMID2 and the presence of nasal polyps among Korean asthma patients.
Methods
Study patients
Asthma patients from Korean hospitals belonging to the Asthma Genome Research Center were recruited for the study. Written informed consent was secured from each patient before blood was drawn, and the study protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board of each participating hospital. Following the guidelines of Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), asthma was diagnosed as described previously [7]. Twenty-four common inhalant allergens were used in a skin-prick test (Bencard Co. Ltd., Brentford, UK), and atopy was defined as at least a 3-mm wheal reaction to any of the allergens. Furthermore, total immunoglobulin E (IgE) was measured using the CAP system (Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden). Asthmatics with endoscopically visible polyps present in the middle nasal meatus were categorized as polyp-positive cases while the rest were identified as polyp negative controls.
To distinguish AERD patients from aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) subgroups, all asthma patients underwent oral aspirin challenge (OAC) that was performed according to our previous methods [7]. Asthmatics exhibiting ≥ 20% decrease in FEV1 or a 15-19% decrease in FEV1 with naso-ocular or cutaneous reactions were categorized in the AERD group, whereas those demonstrating < 15% decrease in FEV1 without naso-ocular or cutaneous reactions classified into the aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) group.
Selection and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms
Tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the EMID2 gene were selected and screened from the International HapMap database (version: release #27; http://www.hapmap.org) based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) status in the Asian population (Chinese Hans and Japanese), locations (SNPs in exons were preferred) and amino acid changes (non-synonymous SNPs were preferred). From the minor allele frequency (MAF) scores, LD relations between the screened SNPs were evaluated using the Haploview software (Cambridge, MA, USA; http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview). SNPs having MAF > 0.05 and tagging SNPs if several polymorphisms showed high LD (> 0.98) were selected for genotyping that was performed using TaqMan assay [8] in the ABI prism 7900HT sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems Foster City, CA, USA). Genotyped data quality was assessed by duplicate DNA checking (n = 10; rate of concordance in duplicates > 99%). Using the PHASE algorithm ver. 2.0 software [9], haplotypes were inferred from the successfully genotyped SNPs of the entire study population and those with frequency of over 0.05 were selected for association analyses in the overall asthma patients as well as the AERD and ATA subgroups.
Anzeige
Statistical analyses
LD between all pairs of biallelic loci were determined using Lewontin's D' (|D'|) and LD coefficient r2 were examined using the Haploview algorithm [10]. Differences in the genotype distributions of EMID2 variations in polyp positive asthma cases and polyp negative asthma controls were analyzed using logistic models adjusted for age of initial diagnosis (continuous value), sex (male = 0, female = 1), smoking status (non-smoker = 0, ex-smoker = 1, smoker = 2) and atopy (absence = 0, presence = 1) to eliminate confounding variables that might influence the findings. AERD status was also controlled for the logistic analysis of the overall asthma subjects. Data were managed on the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.1 (SAS Inc., Cary, NC). Statistical power of single associations was determined using the Power for Genetic Association Analyses (PGA) software [11], and multiple testing corrections was calculated using the effective number of independent marker loci (Meff) that accounts for the eigenvalue spectral decomposition (SpD) of all the genotypes represented in the correlation matrix [12] that was extracted from the SNPSpD program.
Results
Classifications and clinical characteristics of the study patients
From a total of 467 Korean asthmatics recruited for the study, 158 patients were categorized as polyp-positive cases while 309 subjects were identified as polyp negative controls. Based on individual reaction to OAC, the overall study patients were stratified further into 114 AERD patients (including 66 polyp-positive cases and 48 polyp-negative controls) and 353 ATA subjects (including 92 polyp-positive cases and 261 polyp-negative controls). Fall rate of FEV1 by aspirin provocation (polyp-positive = 12.22 vs. polyp-negative = 6.78) and a positive rate of aspirin intolerance (polyp-positive = 41.77 vs. polyp-negative = 15.53) were significantly different between polyp-positive cases and polyp-negative controls (P = 0.0001, Table 1). The demographics and clinical profiles of the study patients are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1
Clinical profile of asthmatic patients (n = 467)
Clinical profile
Polyp-positive
Polyp-negative
P-value
Number of subjects (n)
158
309
Age [year, mean (range)]
46.24 (17.93-76.86)
47.00 (15.40 - 77.88)
0.56
Sex (n, male/female)
55/103
100/209
0.60
Total smoker (Current Smoker; Ex-Smoker) (%)
27.21 (11.39; 15.82)
27.83 (11.33; 16.50)
0.93
Body mass index (kg/m2)
23.95 ± 3.00
24.53 ± 3.51
0.06
% fall of FEV1 by aspirin provocation
12.22 ± 14.39
6.78 ± 11.46
< 0.0001
Blood eosinophil (%)
6.92 ± 6.23
5.98 ± 6.00
0.12
PC20 methacholine (mg/ml)
5.83 ± 8.87
6.88 ± 8.62
0.23
Total IgE (IU/ml)
298.35 ± 469.67
368.39 ± 654.01
0.19
FEV1 (% predicted)
89.67 ± 15.76
91.79 ± 17.33
0.18
FVC (% predicted)
89.02 ± 12.65
87.68 ± 14.56
0.30
Positive rate of skin test (%)
51.90
57.61
0.24
Positive rate of aspirin intolerance (%)
41.77
15.53
< 0.0001
Values are mean ± SE. BMI, body mass index.
Distribution of EMID2variants
With an average call rate of 99.9%, 49 intronic SNPs of EMID2 were successfully genotyped in Korean asthma patients (Additional file 1: Table S1). Four LD blocks were inferred from pairwise comparison of all genotypes polymorphisms, and 14 major haplotypes with frequencies over 0.05 (Figure 1; Additional file 2: Figure S1) were tested for association with the presence of nasal polyps among asthma patients.
Figure 1
Physical map and LD of theEMID2gene. A. Schematic gene map and SNPs of EMID2 on chromosome 7q22.1. Black blocks represent coding exons and white blocks represent 5' and 3' UTR. The first base of translation site was denoted as nucleotide +1. SNPs in absolute linkage are indicated by brackets (r2 = 1). B. LD coefficient (|D'|) among EMID2 SNPs in a Korean population. Red blocks indicate |D'| = 1, LOD ≥ 2, blue blocks |D'| = 1, LOD < 2 and white blocks |D'| < 1, LOD < 2. UTR, untranslated region.
×
Association analysis of EMID2variants with nasal polyps in asthma patients
Results of logistic analysis for the overall asthma patients initially revealed significant associations of ten EMID2 SNPs (rs6945102, rs4729697, rs221, rs10435333, rs6947185, rs4727494, rs13233066, rs1008064, rs1543883, and rs13245946) with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.004-0.05, OR = 0.61-1.32 depending on the genetic model; Table 2 and Table S2). However, with a Meff of 42.7377 used to correct the P - values, the significant signals disappeared after multiple testing corrections. Furthermore, signals from EMID2_BL1_ht2 (unique to the minor alleles of rs6945102, rs4729697, rs221, and rs10435333, among the haplotypes with frequency > 0.05), EMID2_BL2_ht2 (unique to the minor alleles of rs4727494 and rs13233066), and EMID2_BL3_ht1 (unique to the minor alleles of rs1008064 and rs1543883) achieved significance (P = 0.0008-0.03, OR = 0.54-0.74 depending on the genetic model; Table 2 and Table S2) after analyzing the differences in the frequency distribution of EMID2 haplotypes between polyp-positive and polyp-negative asthma patients. Although multiple testing comparisons reduced the values from two haplotypes to nominal evidence of association, the association signal of EMID2_BL1_ht2 remained significant via a codominant mechanism (Pcorr = 0.03; Table 2 and Table S2).
Table 2
Association of significant EMID2 variants with nasal polyps in the overall asthmatic patients (n = 467)
SNP/Haplotype
MAF
Co-dominant
Dominant
Recessive
Statistical Power
Polyp-positive
(n = 158)
Polyp-negative (n = 309)
OR(95%CI)
P*
Pcorr**
OR(95%CI)
P*
Pcorr**
OR(95%CI)
P*
Pcorr**
rs6945102C > T
0.228
0.322
0.62(0.45-0.87)
0.005
NS
0.60(0.40-0.91)
0.02
NS
0.39(0.16-0.92)
0.03
NS
62.03
rs4729697A > G
0.224
0.321
0.61(0.44-0.86)
0.004
NS
0.59(0.39-0.89)
0.01
NS
0.39(0.16-0.93)
0.03
NS
60.92
rs221G > A
0.252
0.337
0.67(0.49-0.93)
0.02
NS
0.64(0.43-0.97)
0.04
NS
0.48(0.22-1.06)
0.07
-
66.93
rs10435333G > A
0.252
0.337
0.67(0.48-0.93)
0.02
NS
0.64(0.43-0.97)
0.03
NS
0.49(0.22-1.07)
0.07
-
66.93
rs6947185C > A
0.433
0.537
0.69(0.52-0.92)
0.01
NS
0.69(0.44-1.09)
0.11
-
0.53(0.32-0.87)
0.01
NS
72.99
rs4727494G > A
0.263
0.359
0.65(0.47-0.90)
0.009
NS
0.65(0.43-0.98)
0.04
NS
0.40(0.18-0.87)
0.02
NS
66.22
rs13233066G > A
0.275
0.362
0.70(0.51-0.95)
0.02
NS
0.65(0.43-0.97)
0.04
NS
0.60(0.30-1.19)
0.14
-
69.05
rs1008064T > C
0.494
0.430
1.32(1.00-1.75)
0.05
NS
1.46(0.94-2.26)
0.10
-
1.48(0.92-2.38)
0.10
-
77.44
rs1543883T > C
0.506
0.450
1.32(1.00-1.76)
0.05
NS
1.51(0.96-2.38)
0.08
-
1.41(0.88-2.25)
0.16
-
78.55
rs13245946C > T
0.108
0.073
1.53(0.95-2.45)
0.08
-
1.36(0.79-2.33)
0.26
-
13.01(1.45-116.41)
0.02
NS
41.62
EMID2_BL1_ht2
0.180
0.290
0.54(0.37-0.77)
0.0008
0.03
0.53(0.35-0.82)
0.004
NS
0.22(0.06-0.74)
0.01
NS
71.84
EMID2_BL2_ht2
0.259
0.356
0.64(0.47-0.89)
0.007
NS
0.63(0.42-0.95)
0.03
NS
0.42(0.19-0.92)
0.03
NS
81.64
EMID2_BL3_ht1
0.453
0.510
0.74(0.56-0.98)
0.03
NS
0.66(0.42-1.02)
0.06
-
0.67(0.42-1.08)
0.10
-
88.51
*P-values at 0.05 level of significance adjusted for initial diagnosed age, sex, smoking status, atopy and AERD. Significant values are shown in bold.
**P-values after multiple testing corrections (Meff = 42.7377).
MAF, minor allele frequency; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NS, not significant.
In further association analysis, 17 EMID2 variations (rs6945102, rs4729697, rs10237610, rs221, rs10435333, rs9640666, rs6947185, rs4729705, rs10254310, rs6949799, rs4727491, rs13238748, rs4727494, rs13233066, EMID2_BL1_ht1, EMID2_BL1_ht2, and EMID2_BL2_ht2) were initially correlated with the presence of nasal polyps in the AERD subgroup (P = 0.003-0.05, OR = 0.25-1.82 depending on the genetic model; Table 3 and Table S3). However, the association signals disappeared after multiple testing corrections. Similarly, significant P - values of EMID2 variants (rs6947185, rs12538381, rs17135512, rs13245946, EMID2_BL1_ht2, EMID2_BL4_ht1) tested for polyp development in the ATA subgroup (P = 0.01-0.04, OR = 0.46-10.96 depending on the genetic model; Table 4 and Table S4) did not reach the threshold of multiple testing corrections.
Table 3
Association of significant EMID2 variants with nasal polyps in AERD patients (n = 114)
SNP/Haplotype
MAF
Co-dominant
Dominant
Recessive
Polyp-positive (n = 66)
Polyp-negative (n = 48)
OR(95%CI)
P*
Pcorr**
OR(95%CI)
P*
Pcorr**
OR(95%CI)
P*
Pcorr**
rs6945102C > T
0.205
0.365
0.43(0.22-0.84)
0.01
NS
0.39(0.17-0.86)
0.02
NS
0.27(0.05-1.51)
0.14
-
rs4729697A > G
0.200
0.365
0.42(0.22-0.83)
0.01
NS
0.38(0.17-0.84)
0.02
NS
0.27(0.05-1.57)
0.15
-
rs10237610C > T
0.554
0.438
1.82(1.01-3.29)
0.05
NS
1.50(0.60-3.73)
0.38
-
3.42(1.22-9.60)
0.02
NS
rs221G > A
0.208
0.396
0.35(0.18-0.70)
0.003
NS
0.35(0.16-0.78)
0.01
NS
0.10(0.01-0.87)
0.04
NS
rs10435333G > A
0.212
0.396
0.36(0.18-0.71)
0.003
NS
0.36(0.16-0.81)
0.01
NS
0.09(0.01-0.85)
0.04
NS
rs9640666G > A
0.326
0.479
0.46(0.25-0.86)
0.02
NS
0.35(0.15-0.84)
0.02
NS
0.43(0.14-1.35)
0.15
-
rs6947185C > A
0.400
0.531
0.52(0.28-0.94)
0.03
NS
0.27(0.10-0.74)
0.01
NS
0.65(0.25-1.69)
0.37
-
rs4729705C > T
0.371
0.521
0.50(0.28-0.88)
0.02
NS
0.25(0.10-0.63)
0.003
NS
0.66(0.25-1.70)
0.38
-
rs10254310G > A
0.432
0.552
0.58(0.34-1.01)
0.06
-
0.39(0.15-0.98)
0.04
NS
0.60(0.25-1.46)
0.26
-
rs6949799T > C
0.546
0.417
1.77(1.02-3.08)
0.04
NS
1.83(0.77-4.34)
0.17
-
2.61(1.00-6.80)
0.05
NS
rs4727491G > A
0.538
0.417
1.74(1.00-3.05)
0.05
NS
1.83(0.77-4.34)
0.17
-
2.48(0.95-6.51)
0.06
-
rs13238748G > C
0.371
0.521
0.50(0.28-0.88)
0.02
NS
0.25(0.10-0.63)
0.003
NS
0.66(0.25-1.70)
0.38
-
rs4727494G > A
0.220
0.385
0.46(0.25-0.86)
0.01
NS
0.37(0.16-0.84)
0.02
NS
0.36(0.10-1.37)
0.14
-
rs13233066G > A
0.227
0.385
0.49(0.27-0.90)
0.02
NS
0.37(0.16-0.84)
0.02
NS
0.45(0.13-1.58)
0.21
-
EMID2_BL1_ht1
0.538
0.417
1.83(1.02-3.26)
0.04
NS
1.38(0.58-3.31)
0.47
-
4.23(1.42-12.57)
0.01
NS
EMID2_BL1_ht2
0.159
0.323
0.37(0.18-0.77)
0.008
NS
0.34(0.15-0.77)
0.01
NS
0.22(0.02-2.18)
0.19
-
EMID2_BL2_ht2
0.220
0.385
0.46(0.25-0.86)
0.01
NS
0.37(0.16-0.84)
0.02
NS
0.36(0.10-1.37)
0.14
-
*P-values at 0.05 level of significance adjusted for initial diagnosed age, sex, smoking status, and atopy. Significant values are shown in bold.
**P-values after multiple testing corrections (Meff = 42.7377).
MAF, minor allele frequency; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NS, not significant.
Table 4
Association of significant EMID2 variants with nasal polyps in ATA patients (n = 353)
SNP/Haplotype
MAF
Co-dominant
Dominant
Recessive
Polyp-positive (n = 92)
Polyp-negative (n = 261)
OR(95%CI)
P*
Pcorr**
OR(95%CI)
P*
Pcorr**
OR(95%CI)
P*
Pcorr**
rs6947185C > A
0.457
0.538
0.72(0.51-1.01)
0.06
-
0.86(0.50-1.50)
0.60
-
0.46(0.25-0.84)
0.01
NS
rs12538381C > T
0.109
0.094
1.18(0.69-2.05)
0.55
-
1.01(0.55-1.86)
0.99
-
10.96(1.08-111.20)
0.04
NS
rs17135512A > G
0.109
0.094
1.18(0.69-2.05)
0.55
-
1.01(0.55-1.86)
0.99
-
10.96(1.08-111.20)
0.04
NS
rs13245946C > T
0.125
0.069
1.85(1.08-3.16)
0.02
NS
1.69(0.91-3.14)
0.10
-
13.43(1.44-125.46)
0.02
NS
EMID2_BL1_ht2
0.196
0.284
0.61(0.41-0.93)
0.02
NS
0.65(0.39-1.06)
0.08
-
0.20(0.05-0.88)
0.03
NS
EMID2_BL4_ht1
0.266
0.201
1.42(0.96-2.09)
0.08
-
2.68(1.05-6.85)
0.04
NS
1.34(0.83-2.18)
0.24
-
*P-values at 0.05 level of significance adjusted for initial diagnosed age, sex, smoking status, and atopy. Significant values are shown in bold.
**P-values after multiple testing corrections (Meff = 42.7377).
MAF, minor allele frequency; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NS, not significant.
Discussion
The current study shows for the first time that EMID2 may be associated with the pathogenesis of nasal polyps in the onset of asthma. EMID2_BL1_ht2, comprising alleles of nominally significant SNPs, rs6945102, rs4729697, rs221, and rs10435333, was found to be significantly associated with nasal polyposis in the overall Korean asthma patients even after multiple testing corrections, suggesting that the variant may be a marker for inflammation of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses.
With the prevalence of nasal polyps in aspirin-hypersensitive asthma patients [2], development of polyps in AERD and ATA subgroups were investigated further. Although the association signals detected in the analyses of both AERD and ATA subgroups were not deemed significant after multiple comparisons, four EMID2 variations (rs6949799, rs4727494, rs13233066, and EMID2_BL2_ht2) showing nominal association signals with polyp development in the AERD group in the current study was also marginally implicated in the risk of AERD in a Korean population using various modes of genetic inheritance [3], except for EMID2_BL2_ht2 which remained significant after multiple testing corrections in the previous report. These findings suggest that the possible role of EMID2 in the onset of AERD may be related to its function in the occurrence of nasal polyps in aspirin-induced asthmatics. However, due to the lack of more potent association signals reported in the current and previous studies and since the genetic make-up of individuals varies according to geographical and racial factors, the relationship between EMID2 and diseases of the upper and lower airways needs to be reevaluated in independent cohorts with larger sample sizes.
Recently identified as a member of the collagen protein family, EMID2 possesses Gly-X-Arg triplets in the collagen triple helix allowing for interaction with the heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) [5], a molecular chaperone that functions in collagen biosynthesis. Although the involvement of EMID2 in various human diseases remains to be elucidated, the relevance of ECM deposition and subepithelial fibrosis in diseases of the airways as well as the expression of HSP47 in nasal mucosa [6] suggest that EMID2 may play a role in the development of nasal polyps. In an attempt to functionally characterize the polymorphisms analyzed in the current study, in silico analysis was performed using the European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) splice site prediction (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/asd-srv/wb.cgi?method=2). Refuting the common concept that intronic SNPs have no role in protein function, these intronic variants have been reported to induce alternative splicing or affect splicing efficiency [13, 14]. Among the EMID2 SNPs showing association signals, the TTG[G > A]T sequence containing the 'A' allele of rs4727494G > A in intron 2 was observed to be a potential branch point (BP) site for alternative splicing with a BP score of 6.15, suggesting that the polymorphism may affect protein synthesis through cis-regulated alternative splicing processes. This allele is unique to EMID2_BL2_ht2, a haplotype that was also marginally correlated with nasal polyposis in the overall asthma patients in the current study and was previously implicated in AERD pathogenesis [3]. On the other hand, the highest scoring SNPs (rs6945102C > T and rs4729697A > G) that are unique to EMID2_BL1_ht2, the only EMID2 variant that remained significant after multiple testing corrections, were not predicted to be BP sites for alternative splicing.
Anzeige
After performing power calculations of single associations, the average statistical power to detect the effect sizes of the significantly associated SNPs was 69.59% (Table 2 and Table S2), suggesting insufficient sample size. Thus, the possibility of obtaining false negative findings cannot be excluded. However, in order to address this limitation and to analyze the effect of the polymorphisms in other ethnic groups, further replications in larger sample scales are required.
Conclusions
Although the results failed to provide convincing association signals from EMID2 polymorphisms, the current findings report that EMID2_BL1_ht2 is a susceptibility marker of nasal polyposis in Korean asthma patients. The conclusions derived from the study are preliminary and may provide useful insights on the pathogenesis of nasal polyps.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2009-0080157), and a grant by the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry for Health, Welfare & Family Affairs, Republic of Korea (A010249). The DNA samples were generously provided by Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital Biobank, a member of the National Biobank of Korea, supported by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Republic of Korea.
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
CFP and JSB developed tables/figures, carried out data interpretation, provided rationale for the study, and drafted the manuscript. BLP and HSC performed the statistical analysis. ASJ and STU collected the data. JHK assisted in data interpretation and drafting of the manuscript. CSP and HDS conceived the study, participated in its design, and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
