Background
Methods
Subjects and measurements
Percentile | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hyporesponsiveness definition | Minimum | 10th | 20th | 50th | 80th | 90th | Maximum |
Monthly EPO dose | 500.0 | 13,800.0 | 22,100.0 | 52,000.0 | 116,000.0 | 176,400.0 | 728,000.0 |
Monthly EPO dose/patient weight in kg | 3.4 | 180.1 | 291.4 | 677.1 | 1534.8 | 2346.7 | 476,666.7 |
Resistance index†
| 34.0 | 1140.7 | 1869.2 | 4442.3 | 10,361.9 | 16,252.3 | 111,815.5 |
Analysis
Ethics statement
Results
Hyporesponsiveness | Squared difference | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | None | Chronic | Acute | Other | Other - chronic | Other - acute | |
n
| 138,688 | 111,422 | 6248 | 7219 | 13,799 | ||
Sex
| |||||||
Men | 51.8 | 51.6 | 54.7 | 51.0 | 52.5 | 4.9 | 2.3 |
Women | 48.2 | 48.4 | 45.3 | 49.0 | 47.5 | ||
Race
| |||||||
White | 51.4 | 52.6 | 46.2 | 47.4 | 46.0 | 0.1 | 1.8 |
African American | 42.2 | 40.5 | 49.8 | 47.5 | 49.5 | 0.1 | 4.1 |
Other | 6.4 | 6.9 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 4.4 | ||
Age, years
| |||||||
< 40 | 8.1 | 7.5 | 12.9 | 9.8 | 10.3 | 7.0 | 0.2 |
40-64 | 44.3 | 42.7 | 54.9 | 48.3 | 50.3 | 20.6 | 4.1 |
65-74 | 24.9 | 25.5 | 19.8 | 24.5 | 22.8 | 9.3 | 2.9 |
≥ 75 | 22.7 | 24.4 | 12.5 | 17.4 | 16.6 | ||
Cause of renal failure
| |||||||
Diabetes | 44.9 | 45.3 | 38.7 | 45.7 | 44.1 | 29.0 | 2.8 |
Hypertension | 29.3 | 29.6 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 28.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
Glomerulonephritis | 10.2 | 10.0 | 12.2 | 10.3 | 10.7 | 2.2 | 0.1 |
Cystic kidney disease | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Other | 13.5 | 13.0 | 19.3 | 14.2 | 14.7 | ||
Dialysis duration, years
| |||||||
< 1 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
1 to < 3 | 32.6 | 33.5 | 26.3 | 31.3 | 28.9 | 6.7 | 5.8 |
3 to < 5 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 23.2 | 23.0 | 23.8 | 0.3 | 0.7 |
≥ 5 | 34.3 | 33.1 | 42.8 | 36.4 | 38.7 | ||
Average BMI, kg/m
2
| |||||||
< 18.5 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
≥ 18.5 and < 25 | 34.9 | 35.2 | 30.4 | 36.5 | 33.5 | 9.4 | 8.8 |
≥ 25 and < 30 | 28.5 | 28.9 | 25.6 | 27.6 | 27.3 | 2.8 | 0.1 |
≥ 30 | 33.0 | 32.3 | 40.7 | 31.6 | 35.4 | ||
Antecedent comorbid conditions
| |||||||
ASHD | 22.0 | 20.4 | 26.0 | 29.8 | 28.5 | 6.3 | 1.6 |
CHF | 19.6 | 17.2 | 29.9 | 29.7 | 28.8 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
CVA/TIA | 7.4 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 10.9 | 9.6 | 4.0 | 1.9 |
PVD | 16.5 | 14.8 | 23.1 | 24.2 | 23.3 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
Other cardiac disease | 12.4 | 10.6 | 20.3 | 20.0 | 19.2 | 1.1 | 0.6 |
COPD | 8.4 | 7.3 | 13.2 | 12.7 | 12.9 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
GI bleeding | 3.3 | 2.5 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 1.2 | 0.0 |
Liver disease | 5.5 | 5.2 | 7.4 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Dysrhythmia | 13.7 | 12.4 | 19.1 | 19.2 | 18.8 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
Cancer | 4.1 | 3.6 | 7.2 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 2.1 | 0.2 |
Diabetes | 49.7 | 48.9 | 49.2 | 55.0 | 53.0 | 14.1 | 4.1 |
Concurrent comorbid conditions
| |||||||
ASHD | 30.1 | 28.4 | 32.9 | 41.2 | 37.0 | 16.8 | 17.3 |
CHF | 27.6 | 24.6 | 38.9 | 42.9 | 39.1 | 0.0 | 14.7 |
CVA/TIA | 10.9 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 16.9 | 13.5 | 9.3 | 11.3 |
PVD | 24.8 | 22.8 | 30.3 | 35.8 | 32.7 | 5.6 | 10.0 |
Other cardiac disease | 19.7 | 17.2 | 28.3 | 32.4 | 28.8 | 0.3 | 12.5 |
COPD | 12.5 | 11.1 | 18.2 | 19.2 | 17.9 | 0.1 | 1.6 |
GI bleeding | 5.3 | 4.1 | 10.6 | 11.2 | 9.6 | 1.0 | 2.7 |
Liver disease | 6.4 | 6.0 | 8.9 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
Dysrhythmia | 19.8 | 18.1 | 25.1 | 28.4 | 26.4 | 1.8 | 3.9 |
Cancer | 5.6 | 5.0 | 9.9 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 5.5 | 0.1 |
Diabetes | 57.3 | 56.7 | 55.6 | 62.1 | 60.2 | 20.8 | 3.7 |
Number of vascular access complication
| |||||||
0 | 61.9 | 61.9 | 64.0 | 55.4 | 53.7 | 106.1 | 2.7 |
1-3 | 19.9 | 19.9 | 19.1 | 21.7 | 23.4 | 17.8 | 2.7 |
≥ 4 | 18.2 | 18.2 | 16.9 | 22.9 | 22.9 | ||
Average iron dose per month, mg
| |||||||
Non-users | 15.1 | 16.2 | 13.0 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 7.1 | 0.7 |
< 233 | 21.1 | 23.0 | 11.4 | 14.6 | 13.9 | 6.6 | 0.5 |
≥ 233 and < 360 | 21.1 | 21.5 | 16.6 | 20.2 | 20.1 | 12.0 | 0.0 |
≥ 360 and < 460 | 20.9 | 20.5 | 20.9 | 23.9 | 22.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 |
≥ 460 | 21.8 | 18.8 | 38.1 | 31.8 | 33.2 | 24.5 | 1.9 |
IV antibiotic use
| |||||||
No | 76.9 | 76.9 | 79.6 | 65.6 | 66.6 | 168.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 23.1 | 23.1 | 20.5 | 34.4 | 33.4 | ||
Number of hospital admissions
| |||||||
0 | 63.3 | 63.3 | 68.3 | 45.7 | 44.8 | 549.0 | 0.8 |
1 | 20.8 | 20.8 | 19.4 | 26.7 | 26.0 | 43.2 | 0.5 |
≥ 2 | 15.9 | 15.9 | 12.3 | 27.6 | 29.2 | ||
Number of hospitalization days
| |||||||
0 | 63.3 | 63.3 | 68.3 | 45.7 | 44.8 | 549.0 | 0.8 |
1-7 | 18.4 | 18.4 | 17.3 | 24.4 | 22.4 | 25.6 | 4.2 |
≥ 8 | 18.4 | 18.4 | 14.4 | 29.8 | 32.8 | ||
Infectious hospitalizations
| |||||||
No | 88.2 | 88.2 | 90.6 | 80.3 | 79.2 | 129.8 | 1.2 |
Yes | 11.8 | 11.8 | 9.4 | 19.7 | 20.8 | ||
Dialysis provider
| |||||||
Non-profit | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.7 | 12.4 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 1.7 |
For profit | 85.0 | 85.0 | 84.4 | 86.5 | 87.6 | 9.8 | 1.1 |
Unknown | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | ||
Region
| |||||||
Northeast | 15.7 | 15.7 | 15.7 | 15.0 | 15.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
Midwest | 19.1 | 19.1 | 19.4 | 19.0 | 17.8 | 2.6 | 1.5 |
South | 45.2 | 45.2 | 43.7 | 50.8 | 51.9 | 67.9 | 1.2 |
West | 17.2 | 17.2 | 18.3 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 33.1 | 0.0 |
Unknown | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.7 | ||
Distance | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 43.6 | 12.0 |
Monthly EPO dose | Monthly EPO dose/patient weight in kg | Resistance index*
| ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hyporesponsiveness type | None | Chronic | Non-chronic | Any | None | Chronic | Non-chronic | Any | None | Chronic | Non-chronic | Any |
n
| 111,422 | 6248 | 21,018 | 27,266 | 110,767 | 5905 | 22,016 | 27,921 | 110,022 | 5761 | 22,905 | 28,666 |
Sex
| ||||||||||||
Men | 51.6 | 54.7 | 52.0 | 52.6 | 52.9 | 48.3 | 47.3 | 47.5 | 51.6 | 55.0 | 51.7 | 52.4 |
Women | 48.4 | 45.3 | 48.0 | 47.4 | 47.1 | 51.7 | 52.7 | 52.5 | 48.4 | 45.0 | 48.3 | 47.6 |
Race
| ||||||||||||
White | 52.6 | 46.2 | 46.5 | 46.4 | 52.5 | 45.8 | 47.2 | 46.9 | 52.6 | 46.4 | 46.7 | 46.6 |
African American | 40.5 | 49.8 | 48.8 | 49.1 | 40.9 | 48.4 | 46.7 | 47.0 | 40.5 | 49.6 | 48.4 | 48.6 |
Other | 6.9 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 4.7 |
Age, years
| ||||||||||||
< 40 | 7.5 | 12.9 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 7.5 | 13.7 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 7.4 | 13.3 | 10.1 | 10.7 |
40 to 64 | 42.7 | 54.9 | 49.6 | 50.8 | 43.7 | 49.2 | 45.8 | 46.5 | 42.7 | 54.8 | 49.2 | 50.3 |
65 to 74 | 25.5 | 19.8 | 23.4 | 22.6 | 25.3 | 20.5 | 23.8 | 23.1 | 25.4 | 19.4 | 23.7 | 22.8 |
≥ 75 | 24.4 | 12.5 | 16.9 | 15.9 | 23.5 | 16.6 | 20.5 | 19.7 | 24.5 | 12.5 | 17.0 | 16.1 |
Cause of renal failure
| ||||||||||||
Diabetes | 45.3 | 38.7 | 44.6 | 43.3 | 46.3 | 32.4 | 41.3 | 39.4 | 45.3 | 38.3 | 44.5 | 43.3 |
Hypertension | 29.6 | 27.8 | 28.4 | 28.3 | 29.2 | 29.6 | 29.9 | 29.8 | 29.6 | 27.7 | 28.5 | 28.3 |
Glomerulonephritis | 10.0 | 12.2 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 9.9 | 13.2 | 10.8 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 12.1 | 10.5 |
Cystic kidney disease | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
Other | 13.0 | 19.3 | 14.5 | 15.6 | 12.5 | 22.6 | 16.0 | 17.4 | 13.5 | 12.9 | 19.8 | 14.4 |
Dialysis duration, years
| ||||||||||||
< 1 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 9.8 | 7.5 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 9.8 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 8.7 |
1 to < 3 | 33.5 | 26.3 | 29.7 | 29.0 | 33.9 | 24.2 | 28.6 | 27.7 | 33.5 | 26.4 | 30.0 | 29.3 |
3 to < 5 | 23.6 | 23.2 | 23.5 | 23.4 | 23.8 | 21.2 | 23.1 | 22.7 | 23.6 | 22.9 | 23.5 | 23.4 |
≥ 5 | 33.1 | 42.8 | 37.9 | 39.0 | 32.5 | 47.0 | 39.5 | 41.1 | 33.1 | 42.9 | 37.5 | 38.6 |
Average BMI, kg/m
2
| ||||||||||||
< 18.5 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 8.3 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 4.0 |
≥ 18.5 and < 25 | 35.2 | 30.4 | 34.5 | 33.6 | 32.2 | 47.2 | 44.7 | 45.2 | 35.1 | 31.1 | 34.8 | 34.1 |
≥ 25 and < 30 | 28.9 | 25.6 | 27.4 | 27.0 | 29.2 | 25.1 | 26.2 | 26.0 | 28.9 | 25.9 | 27.2 | 26.9 |
≥ 30 | 32.3 | 40.7 | 34.1 | 35.6 | 35.8 | 19.4 | 22.1 | 21.5 | 32.4 | 39.5 | 33.9 | 35.0 |
Antecedent comorbid conditions
| ||||||||||||
ASHD | 20.4 | 26.0 | 29.0 | 28.3 | 20.3 | 26.8 | 29.1 | 28.6 | 20.3 | 25.9 | 28.7 | 28.1 |
CHF | 17.2 | 29.9 | 29.1 | 29.3 | 17.0 | 30.7 | 29.6 | 29.8 | 17.1 | 29.9 | 28.8 | 29.0 |
CVA/TIA | 6.9 | 7.5 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 9.9 | 9.4 |
PVD | 14.8 | 23.1 | 23.6 | 23.5 | 14.9 | 22.7 | 23.3 | 23.2 | 14.8 | 23.4 | 23.3 | 23.3 |
Other cardiac disease | 10.6 | 20.3 | 19.5 | 19.7 | 10.4 | 21.8 | 20.0 | 20.4 | 10.6 | 20.4 | 19.0 | 19.3 |
COPD | 7.3 | 13.2 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 7.2 | 13.6 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 7.3 | 13.4 | 12.6 | 12.8 |
GI bleeding | 2.5 | 7.2 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 2.4 | 8.0 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 2.5 | 7.6 | 6.1 | 6.4 |
Liver disease | 5.2 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 5.2 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 5.2 | 7.6 | 6.6 | 6.8 |
Dysrhythmia | 12.4 | 19.1 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 12.2 | 20.0 | 19.1 | 19.3 | 12.4 | 19.3 | 18.6 | 18.7 |
Cancer | 3.6 | 7.2 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 3.5 | 8.0 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 7.6 | 5.5 | 5.9 |
Diabetes | 48.9 | 49.2 | 53.6 | 52.6 | 49.8 | 43.6 | 50.4 | 49.0 | 48.9 | 49.3 | 53.6 | 52.7 |
Concurrent comorbid conditions
| ||||||||||||
ASHD | 28.4 | 32.9 | 38.4 | 37.2 | 28.3 | 33.6 | 38.4 | 37.4 | 28.3 | 33.2 | 38.4 | 37.3 |
CHF | 24.6 | 38.9 | 40.4 | 40.1 | 24.3 | 40.2 | 40.9 | 40.7 | 24.4 | 39.9 | 40.0 | 40.0 |
CVA/TIA | 10.2 | 10.5 | 14.6 | 13.7 | 9.9 | 11.9 | 15.5 | 14.7 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 14.6 | 13.8 |
PVD | 22.8 | 30.3 | 33.7 | 32.9 | 22.8 | 30.5 | 33.6 | 32.9 | 22.6 | 31.1 | 33.7 | 33.2 |
Other cardiac disease | 17.2 | 28.3 | 30.0 | 29.6 | 16.9 | 30.9 | 30.6 | 30.7 | 17.0 | 29.2 | 29.9 | 29.8 |
COPD | 11.1 | 18.2 | 18.4 | 18.3 | 11.0 | 18.1 | 18.5 | 18.4 | 11.0 | 19.1 | 18.2 | 18.4 |
GI bleeding | 4.1 | 10.6 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 4.0 | 11.9 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 4.0 | 11.4 | 10.2 | 10.4 |
Liver disease | 6.0 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 5.9 | 9.4 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 6.0 | 9.3 | 7.7 | 8.0 |
Dysrhythmia | 18.1 | 25.1 | 27.1 | 26.6 | 18.0 | 26.8 | 27.1 | 27.0 | 18.0 | 25.8 | 26.8 | 26.6 |
Cancer | 5.0 | 9.9 | 7.4 | 8.0 | 4.9 | 10.6 | 7.8 | 8.4 | 5.0 | 10.5 | 7.4 | 8.0 |
Diabetes | 56.7 | 55.6 | 60.8 | 59.6 | 57.7 | 49.3 | 57.5 | 55.8 | 56.6 | 55.5 | 60.8 | 59.7 |
Number of vascular access complication
| ||||||||||||
0 | 61.9 | 64.0 | 53.0 | 55.5 | 63.7 | 56.1 | 54.5 | 54.8 | 64.2 | 55.1 | 53.0 | 53.4 |
1-3 | 19.9 | 19.1 | 23.3 | 22.4 | 19.2 | 21.9 | 22.7 | 22.5 | 19.1 | 21.8 | 23.2 | 22.9 |
≥ 4 | 18.2 | 16.9 | 23.7 | 22.1 | 17.0 | 22.0 | 22.9 | 22.7 | 16.7 | 23.1 | 23.8 | 23.7 |
Average iron dose per month, mg
| ||||||||||||
Non-users | 16.2 | 13.0 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 16.0 | 14.2 | 11.1 | 11.8 | 16.2 | 13.5 | 10.4 | 11.0 |
< 233 | 23.0 | 11.4 | 14.2 | 13.5 | 22.9 | 12.4 | 14.9 | 14.3 | 23.1 | 11.4 | 14.4 | 13.8 |
≥ 233 and < 360 | 21.5 | 16.6 | 20.1 | 19.3 | 21.5 | 17.1 | 20.2 | 19.5 | 21.5 | 16.4 | 20.3 | 19.5 |
≥ 360 and < 460 | 20.5 | 20.9 | 22.9 | 22.5 | 20.6 | 20.7 | 22.3 | 21.9 | 20.6 | 20.4 | 22.5 | 22.1 |
≥ 460 | 18.8 | 38.1 | 32.7 | 34.0 | 19.1 | 35.5 | 31.6 | 32.4 | 18.7 | 38.3 | 32.4 | 33.6 |
IV antibiotic use
| ||||||||||||
No | 76.9 | 79.6 | 66.5 | 69.5 | 79.4 | 66.3 | 67.5 | 67.2 | 79.7 | 64.9 | 66.5 | 66.2 |
Yes | 23.1 | 20.5 | 33.5 | 30.5 | 20.6 | 33.7 | 32.5 | 32.8 | 20.3 | 35.1 | 33.5 | 33.8 |
Number of hospital admissions
| ||||||||||||
0 | 63.3 | 68.3 | 42.1 | 48.1 | 68.6 | 43.6 | 42.0 | 42.3 | 68.7 | 43.5 | 42.2 | 42.5 |
1 | 20.8 | 19.4 | 26.4 | 24.8 | 19.4 | 26.2 | 26.7 | 26.6 | 19.3 | 26.7 | 26.7 | 26.7 |
≥ 2 | 15.9 | 12.3 | 31.5 | 27.1 | 12.1 | 30.2 | 31.4 | 31.1 | 12.0 | 29.8 | 31.2 | 30.9 |
Number of hospitalization days
| ||||||||||||
0 | 63.3 | 68.3 | 42.1 | 48.1 | 68.6 | 43.6 | 42.0 | 42.3 | 68.7 | 43.5 | 42.2 | 42.5 |
1-7 | 18.4 | 17.3 | 22.1 | 21.0 | 17.3 | 23.8 | 22.2 | 22.5 | 17.2 | 24.1 | 22.4 | 22.7 |
≥ 8 | 18.4 | 14.4 | 35.8 | 30.9 | 14.1 | 32.6 | 35.8 | 35.1 | 14.1 | 32.4 | 35.4 | 34.8 |
Infectious hospitalizations
| ||||||||||||
No | 88.2 | 90.6 | 78.0 | 80.9 | 90.7 | 79.1 | 78.2 | 78.4 | 90.8 | 78.9 | 78.3 | 78.4 |
Yes | 11.8 | 9.4 | 22.0 | 19.1 | 9.3 | 20.9 | 21.8 | 21.6 | 9.2 | 21.1 | 21.7 | 21.6 |
Dialysis provider
| ||||||||||||
Non-profit | 14.0 | 14.7 | 11.2 | 12.0 | 14.6 | 13.0 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 14.6 | 12.5 | 11.7 | 11.9 |
For profit | 85.0 | 84.4 | 87.5 | 86.8 | 84.5 | 85.8 | 87.1 | 86.8 | 84.5 | 86.4 | 87.0 | 86.9 |
Unknown | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
Region
| ||||||||||||
Northeast | 15.7 | 15.7 | 15.4 | 15.5 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 15.8 | 15.3 | 15.3 | 15.3 |
Midwest | 19.1 | 19.4 | 17.5 | 17.9 | 19.5 | 17.5 | 17.2 | 17.3 | 19.4 | 19.0 | 17.8 | 18.0 |
South | 45.2 | 43.7 | 51.7 | 49.8 | 44.0 | 49.4 | 50.3 | 50.1 | 43.7 | 50.2 | 51.4 | 51.2 |
West | 17.2 | 18.3 | 12.9 | 14.2 | 18.0 | 14.8 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 18.3 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 13.1 |
Unknown | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Monthly EPO dose | Monthly EPO dose/patient weight in kg | Resistance index*
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P | ||
Sex
| ||||||
Men | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Women | 1.08 (1.04-1.11) | < 0.0001 | 1.49 (1.44-1.54) | < 0.0001 | 1.08 (1.05-1.11) | < 0.0001 |
Race
| ||||||
White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
African American | 1.11 (1.07-1.15) | < 0.0001 | 1.07 (1.03-1.11) | < 0.0001 | 1.10 (1.06-1.14) | < 0.0001 |
Other | 1.01 (0.94-1.08) | 0.89 | 1.22 (1.15-1.30) | < 0.0001 | 1.04 (0.97-1.12) | 0.23 |
Age- years
| ||||||
< 40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
40 to 64 | 0.87 (0.82-0.92) | < 0.0001 | 0.85 (0.81-0.90) | < 0.0001 | 0.86 (0.81-0.91) | < 0.0001 |
65 to 74 | 0.68 (0.64-0.73) | < 0.0001 | 0.73 (0.68-0.77) | < 0.0001 | 0.69 (0.65-0.73) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 75 | 0.54 (0.51-0.58) | < 0.0001 | 0.61 (0.57-0.65) | < 0.0001 | 0.54 (0.51-0.57) | < 0.0001 |
Cause of renal failure
| ||||||
Diabetes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | s | ||
Hypertension | 1.11 (1.06-1.16) | < 0.0001 | 1.12 (1.07-1.17) | < 0.0001 | 1.12 (1.07-1.17) | < 0.0001 |
Glomerulonephritis | 1.20 (1.13-1.28) | < 0.0001 | 1.18 (1.11-1.25) | < 0.0001 | 1.22 (1.15-1.30) | < 0.0001 |
Cystic kidney disease | 1.05 (0.94-1.18) | 0.3771 | 1.03 (0.93-1.15) | 0.5768 | 1.07 (0.96-1.20) | 0.2223 |
Other | 1.40 (1.32-1.47) | < 0.0001 | 1.44 (1.36-1.52) | < 0.0001 | 1.40 (1.33-1.48) | < 0.0001 |
Dialysis duration- years
| ||||||
< 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
1 to < 3 | 1.13 (1.06-1.19) | < 0.0001 | 1.05 (0.99-1.11) | 0.10 | 1.13 (1.07-1.19) | < 0.0001 |
3 to < 5 | 1.36 (1.29-1.45) | < 0.0001 | 1.28 (1.21-1.36) | < 0.0001 | 1.34 (1.27-1.42) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 5 | 1.60 (1.51-1.70) | < 0.0001 | 1.57 (1.48-1.66) | < 0.0001 | 1.56 (1.47-1.65) | < 0.0001 |
Average BMI- kg/m
2
| ||||||
< 18.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
≥ 18.5 and < 25 | 0.97 (0.90-1.05) | 0.48 | 0.56 (0.52-0.60) | < 0.0001 | 0.94 (0.87-1.02) | 0.12 |
≥ 25 and < 30 | 0.99 (0.91-1.07) | 0.73 | 0.35 (0.32-0.37) | < 0.0001 | 0.94 (0.86-1.02) | 0.12 |
≥ 30 | 1.05 (0.97-1.14) | 0.23 | 0.20 (0.18-0.21) | < 0.0001 | 0.99 (0.91-1.07) | 0.79 |
Antecedent comorbid conditions
| ||||||
ASHD | 1.08 (1.04-1.13) | 0.0002 | 1.11 (1.06-1.15) | < 0.0001 | 1.08 (1.04-1.13) | 0.0002 |
CHF | 1.23 (1.18-1.28) | < 0.0001 | 1.24 (1.19-1.29) | < 0.0001 | 1.24 (1.19-1.29) | < 0.0001 |
CVA/TIA | 1.05 (0.99-1.11) | 0.09 | 1.07 (1.01-1.13) | 0.02 | 1.05 (0.99-1.11) | 0.12 |
PVD | 1.25 (1.20-1.30) | < 0.0001 | 1.21 (1.17-1.26) | < 0.0001 | 1.24 (1.19-1.29) | < 0.0001 |
Other cardiac disease | 1.25 (1.20-1.31) | < 0.0001 | 1.27 (1.21-1.32) | < 0.0001 | 1.21 (1.16-1.26) | < 0.0001 |
COPD | 1.18 (1.12-1.25) | < 0.0001 | 1.16 (1.10-1.23) | < 0.0001 | 1.16 (1.10-1.23) | < 0.0001 |
GI bleeding | 1.51 (1.40-1.62) | < 0.0001 | 1.62 (1.51-1.74) | < 0.0001 | 1.56 (1.45-1.68) | < 0.0001 |
Liver disease | 1.17 (1.07-1.28) | 0.00 | 1.13 (1.04-1.24) | 0.01 | 1.19 (1.09-1.30) | < 0.0001 |
Dysrhythmia | 1.16 (1.10-1.21) | < 0.0001 | 1.15 (1.09-1.20) | < 0.0001 | 1.14 (1.09-1.19) | < 0.0001 |
Cancer | 1.45 (1.33-1.57) | < 0.0001 | 1.36 (1.26-1.48) | < 0.0001 | 1.43 (1.32-1.55) | < 0.0001 |
Diabetes | 1.07 (1.02-1.13) | 0.00 | 1.06 (1.01-1.11) | 0.02 | 1.09 (1.04-1.14) | 0.00 |
Concurrent comorbid conditions
| ||||||
ASHD | 0.94 (0.90-0.97) | 0.00 | 0.93 (0.90-0.97) | 0.00 | 0.94 (0.90-0.97) | 0.00 |
CHF | 1.12 (1.08-1.17) | < 0.0001 | 1.14 (1.09-1.18) | < 0.0001 | 1.10 (1.06-1.15) | < 0.0001 |
CVA/TIA | 0.94 (0.90-0.99) | 0.02 | 0.99 (0.94-1.04) | 0.59 | 0.94 (0.89-0.99) | 0.01 |
PVD | 1.02 (0.98-1.06) | 0.25 | 1.03 (1.00-1.07) | 0.08 | 1.03 (1.00-1.07) | 0.09 |
Other cardiac disease | 1.14 (1.10-1.18) | < 0.0001 | 1.16 (1.12-1.20) | < 0.0001 | 1.15 (1.10-1.19) | < 0.0001 |
COPD | 1.04 (0.99-1.09) | 0.15 | 1.01 (0.96-1.06) | 0.63 | 1.04 (1.00-1.09) | 0.08 |
GI bleeding | 1.45 (1.36-1.53) | < 0.0001 | 1.44 (1.35-1.52) | < 0.0001 | 1.50 (1.41-1.59) | < 0.0001 |
Liver disease | 1.05 (0.97-1.14) | 0.24 | 1.09 (1.01-1.19) | 0.03 | 1.01 (0.93-1.09) | 0.86 |
Dysrhythmia | 1.03 (0.98-1.07) | 0.21 | 1.00 (0.96-1.04) | 0.87 | 1.02 (0.98-1.07) | 0.31 |
Cancer | 1.32 (1.23-1.42) | < 0.0001 | 1.36 (1.27-1.47) | < 0.0001 | 1.32 (1.23-1.41) | < 0.0001 |
Diabetes | 1.02 (0.97-1.07) | 0.38 | 0.98 (0.93-1.03) | 0.39 | 1.02 (0.98-1.07) | 0.35 |
Number of vascular access complication
| ||||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
1-3 | 1.10 (1.06-1.15) | < 0.0001 | 1.07 (1.03-1.11) | 0.0005 | 1.10 (1.06-1.14) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 4 | 1.15 (1.10-1.20) | < 0.0001 | 1.13 (1.08-1.17) | < 0.0001 | 1.16 (1.11-1.21) | < 0.0001 |
Average iron dose per month- mg
| ||||||
Non-users | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
< 233 | 1.00 (0.94-1.06) | 0.9360 | 0.97 (0.92-1.03) | 0.3598 | 0.97 (0.91-1.02) | 0.2483 |
≥ 233 and < 360 | 1.31 (1.23-1.38) | < 0.0001 | 1.25 (1.18-1.32) | < 0.0001 | 1.28 (1.21-1.35) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 360 and < 460 | 1.55 (1.47-1.64) | < 0.0001 | 1.45 (1.38-1.53) | < 0.0001 | 1.48 (1.40-1.56) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 460 | 2.36 (2.24-2.50) | < 0.0001 | 2.19 (2.07-2.31) | < 0.0001 | 2.27 (2.15-2.39) | < 0.0001 |
IV antibiotic use
| ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.26 (1.22-1.31) | < 0.0001 | 1.26 (1.22-1.31) | < 0.0001 | 1.26 (1.22-1.31) | < 0.0001 |
Number of hospital admissions
| ||||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
1 | 1.49 (1.43-1.56) | < 0.0001 | 1.51 (1.45-1.58) | < 0.0001 | 1.54 (1.48-1.60) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 2 | 1.88 (1.77-1.98) | < 0.0001 | 1.91 (1.81-2.02) | < 0.0001 | 1.95 (1.84-2.06) | < 0.0001 |
Infectious hospitalizations
| ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.10 (1.05-1.15) | < 0.0001 | 1.13 (1.08-1.18) | < 0.0001 | 1.10 (1.05-1.15) | < 0.0001 |
Dialysis provider
| ||||||
Non-profit | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
For profit | 1.19 (1.10-1.28) | < 0.0001 | 1.19 (1.10-1.28) | < 0.0001 | 1.18 (1.09-1.27) | < 0.0001 |
Unknown | 1.56 (1.33-1.83) | < 0.0001 | 1.57 (1.34-1.85) | < 0.0001 | 1.49 (1.27-1.75) | < 0.0001 |
Region
| ||||||
Northeast | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Midwest | 0.89 (0.85-0.94) | < 0.0001 | 0.88 (0.84-0.93) | < 0.0001 | 0.92 (0.87-0.97) | 0.0013 |
South | 1.16 (1.11-1.21) | < 0.0001 | 1.14 (1.09-1.19) | < 0.0001 | 1.17 (1.12-1.23) | < 0.0001 |
West | 0.80 (0.75-0.84) | < 0.0001 | 0.83 (0.79-0.88) | < 0.0001 | 0.81 (0.77-0.86) | < 0.0001 |
Unknown | 0.91 (0.82-1.00) | 0.0576 | 0.90 (0.82-1.00) | 0.0401 | 0.88 (0.80-0.97) | 0.0116 |