Background
Methods
Participants
Data collection
Headache questionnaire
Statistical analysis
Results
Use of electronic media
Total | Age group | Sex | Family condition | Socio-economic status | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1,025) | 14 years and younger (n = 472) | 15 years and older (n = 553) | Male (n = 500) | Female (n = 525) | Complete (n = 750) | Incomplete (n = 275) | High (n = 581) | Low/middle (n = 444) | |
Mobile phone
| |||||||||
No mobile phone | 11.0 | 16.3 | 6.5 | 13.4 | 8.8 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 10.9 |
<5 minutes | 65.9 | 64.2 | 67.3 | 68.2 | 63.6 | 68.9 | 57.5 | 70.2 | 60.1 |
6 - 15 minutes | 15.6 | 13.8 | 17.2 | 14.2 | 17.0 | 14.0 | 20.0 | 13.9 | 17.8 |
16 - 30 minutes | 4.5 | 3.0 | 5.9 | 2.6 | 6.3 | 3.5 | 7.2 | 3.4 | 5.9 |
30 minutes or more | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 4.4 | 2.3 | 5.1 | 1.2 | 5.4 |
p†
|
0.0001
|
0.0001
|
0.0001
|
0.0001
| |||||
Computer/internet
| |||||||||
Never | 13.2 | 18.9 | 8.3 | 12.2 | 14.1 | 11.6 | 17.5 | 10.7 | 16.4 |
30 minutes | 33.9 | 39.6 | 28.9 | 31.6 | 36.0 | 34.3 | 32.7 | 35.8 | 31.3 |
1 - 2 hours | 38.2 | 31.6 | 43.9 | 39.0 | 37.5 | 39.2 | 35.6 | 40.6 | 35.1 |
3 hours or more | 14.7 | 10.0 | 18.8 | 17.2 | 12.4 | 14.9 | 14.2 | 12.9 | 17.1 |
p
|
0.0001
|
0.0204
|
0.0844
|
0.6160
| |||||
Television/videos
| |||||||||
Never | 5.4 | 4.9 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 2.7 |
30 minutes | 29.8 | 31.1 | 28.6 | 28.8 | 30.7 | 30.5 | 27.6 | 33.2 | 25.2 |
1 - 2 hours | 51.4 | 51.9 | 51.0 | 53.6 | 49.3 | 53.5 | 48.4 | 52.0 | 50.7 |
3 hours or more | 13.5 | 12.1 | 14.6 | 12.0 | 14.9 | 12.0 | 17.5 | 7.4 | 21.4 |
p
|
0.4848
|
0.6874
|
0.3370
|
0.0001
| |||||
Game consoles
| |||||||||
Never | 72.9 | 64.2 | 80.1 | 58.0 | 86.9 | 73.6 | 70.6 | 76.2 | 68.2 |
30 minutes | 16.4 | 22.0 | 11.6 | 21.8 | 11.2 | 16.3 | 16.7 | 14.6 | 18.7 |
1 - 2 hours | 8.4 | 11.4 | 5.8 | 15.4 | 1.7 | 8.7 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 9.0 |
3 hours or more | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 4.8 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 5.1 | 1.2 | 4.1 |
p
|
0.0001
|
0.0001
|
0.0775
|
0.0016
| |||||
Music
| |||||||||
Never | 8.2 | 12.1 | 4.9 | 10.4 | 6.1 | 9.1 | 5.8 | 7.7 | 8.8 |
30 minutes | 29.4 | 36.0 | 23.7 | 32.8 | 26.1 | 31.2 | 24.4 | 30.6 | 27.7 |
1 - 2 hours | 30.0 | 28.8 | 31.1 | 27.8 | 32.2 | 30.9 | 27.6 | 32.4 | 27.0 |
3 hours or more | 32.4 | 23.1 | 40.3 | 29.0 | 35.6 | 28.8 | 42.2 | 29.3 | 36.5 |
p
|
0.0001
|
0.0003
|
0.0001
|
0.1830
| |||||
Overall media index‡
| |||||||||
Never | 1.2 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1.6 |
30 minutes | 2.9 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
1 - 2 hours | 28.3 | 31.6 | 25.5 | 23.8 | 32.6 | 28.4 | 28.0 | 32.9 | 22.3 |
3 - 4 hours | 32.3 | 30.3 | 34.0 | 32.2 | 32.4 | 32.5 | 31.6 | 31.5 | 33.3 |
5 - 6 hours | 23.9 | 22.0 | 25.5 | 27.4 | 20.6 | 24.5 | 22.2 | 23.2 | 24.8 |
7 hours or more | 11.4 | 10.6 | 12.1 | 13.6 | 9.3 | 10.7 | 13.5 | 8.6 | 15.1 |
p
|
0.0072
|
0.0001
|
0.8948
|
0.0009
|
Prevalence of headache
Associations between use of electronic media and headache
No headache (n = 536) | Any headache (n = 489) | Pure migraine (n = 42) | Pure TTH (n = 212) | Migraine+TTH (n = 122) | MH (n = 113) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mobile phone
| ||||||
No mobile phone | 12.3 | 9.6 | 7.1 | 8.5 | 10.7 | 11.5 |
<5 minutes | 66.2 | 65.4 | 61.9 | 68.4 | 67.2 | 59.3 |
6 - 15 minutes | 14.4 | 17.0 | 21.4 | 17.9 | 18.0 | 12.4 |
16 - 30 minutes | 3.9 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 2.8 | 4.1 | 10.6 |
30 minutes or more | 3.2 | 2.9 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 6.2 |
p†
|
0.1847
|
0.1572
|
0.6685
|
0.6295
|
0.0171
| |
Computer/internet
| ||||||
Never | 14.6 | 11.7 | 14.3 | 9.9 | 8.2 | 17.7 |
30 minutes | 34.0 | 33.7 | 26.2 | 35.4 | 38.5 | 28.3 |
1 - 2 hours | 36.0 | 40.7 | 47.6 | 40.6 | 39.3 | 39.8 |
3 hours or more | 15.5 | 13.9 | 11.9 | 14.2 | 13.9 | 14.2 |
p
|
0.4306
|
0.7487
|
0.3721
|
0.4681
|
0.8360
| |
Television/videos
| ||||||
Never | 5.2 | 5.5 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 9.8 | 4.4 |
30 minutes | 27.8 | 31.9 | 28.6 | 36.3 | 32.8 | 23.9 |
1 - 2 hours | 52.4 | 50.3 | 50.0 | 50.5 | 43.4 | 57.5 |
3 hours or more | 14.6 | 12.3 | 19.0 | 9.0 | 13.9 | 14.2 |
p
|
0.1406
|
0.4388
|
0.0445
|
0.0573
|
0.5122
| |
Game consoles
| ||||||
Never | 71.6 | 74.0 | 71.4 | 75.9 | 77.0 | 68.1 |
30 minutes | 16.0 | 16.8 | 19.0 | 17.9 | 15.6 | 15.0 |
1 - 2 hours | 9.3 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 4.7 | 7.4 | 12.4 |
3 hours or more | 3.0 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 4.4 |
p
|
0.1540
|
0.7987
|
0.0458
|
0.0777
|
0.2540
| |
Music
| ||||||
Never | 11.0 | 5.1 | 2.4 | 6.1 | 3.3 | 6.2 |
30 minutes | 30.8 | 27.8 | 31.0 | 25.0 | 28.7 | 31.0 |
1 - 2 hours | 27.4 | 32.9 | 21.4 | 36.9 | 37.7 | 24.8 |
3 hours or more | 30.8 | 34.2 | 45.2 | 32.1 | 30.3 | 38.1 |
p
|
0.0026
|
0.0493
|
0.0341
|
0.0817
|
0.1064
| |
Overall media index‡
| ||||||
Never | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.8 |
30 minutes | 1.9 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 4.4 |
1 - 2 hours | 27.4 | 29.2 | 26.2 | 28.3 | 36.1 | 24.8 |
3 - 4 hours | 31.2 | 33.5 | 33.3 | 38.7 | 26.2 | 31.9 |
5 - 6 hours | 25.6 | 22.1 | 19.0 | 20.8 | 23.8 | 23.9 |
7 hours or more | 12.5 | 10.2 | 16.7 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 13.3 |
p
|
0.0725
|
0.9217
|
0.1221
|
0.0369
|
0.7665
|
Any headache (n = 489) | Pure migraine (n = 42) | Pure TTH (n = 212) | Migraine+TTH (n = 122) | MH (n = 113) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mobile phone
| |||||
No mobile phone | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
<5 minutes | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | 1.1 (0.3-4.0) | 1.3 (0.8-2.4) | 0.9 (0.4-1.7) | 0.9 (0.5-1.7) |
6 - 15 minutes | 1.2 (0.7-2.0) | 1.7 (0.4-7.0) | 1.3 (0.6-2.6) | 1.2 (0.5-2.7) | 0.8 (0.3-1.8) |
16 - 30 minutes | 1.0 (0.4-2.2) | 0.5 (0.1-4.8) | 0.6 (0.2-2.1) | 0.9 (0.2-3.6) | 1.5 (0.5-4.4) |
30 minutes or more | 0.7 (0.3-1.7) | 0.9 (0.1-7.9) | 0.7 (0.2-2.4) | - | 1.1 (0.3-3.8) |
Computer/internet
| |||||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
30 minutes | 1.2 (0.8-1.9) | 0.8 (0.3-2.4) | 1.3 (0.7-2.4) |
2.3 (1.1-5.1)
| 0.8 (0.4-1.5) |
1 - 2 hours | 1.3 (0.9-2.0) | 1.2 (0.4-3.4) | 1.4 (0.8-2.6) | 1.6 (0.7-3.5) | 1.0 (0.5-1.8) |
3 hours or more | 1.2 (0.7-2.1) | 0.6 (0.1-2.8) | 1.5 (0.7-3.1) | 1.9 (0.7-4.9) | 1.0 (0.4-2.1) |
Television/videos
| |||||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
30 minutes | 1.1 (0.6-2.0) | 1.7 (0.2-14.6) | 1.7 (0.8-4.0) | 0.7 (0.3-1.5) | 1.0 (0.3-2.8) |
1 - 2 hours | 1.0 (0.5-1.7) | 2.8 (0.2-22.9) | 1.3 (0.6-3.0) | 0.6 (0.3-1.2) | 1.2 (0.4-3.2) |
3 hours or more | 0.9 (0.4-1.8) | 3.3 (0.4-29.9) | 0.8 (0.3-2.4) | 0.7 (0.2-1.9) | 1.0 (0.3-3.5) |
Game consoles
| |||||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
30 minutes | 1.4 (0.9-2.0) | 2.2 (0.9-5.5) | 1.4 (0.9-2.2) | 1.3 (0.7-2.4) | 1.3 (0.7-2.3) |
1 - 2 hours | 1.2 (0.8-2.0) | 1.7 (0.4-6.7) | 0.7 (0.3-1.4) | 1.3 (0.6-3.0) |
2.4 (1.2-4.9)
|
3 hours or more | 1.0 (0.4-2.3) | 1.2 (0.1-10.6) | 0.7 (0.2-2.5) | - | 2.7 (0.9-8.2) |
Music
| |||||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
30 minutes |
1.8 (1.1-3.1)
| 4.0 (0.5-31.8) | 1.4 (0.7-2.7) | 2.7 (0.9-8.0) | 1.8 (0.7-4.3) |
1 - 2 hours |
2.1 (1.2-3.7)
| 1.9 (0.2-16.6) |
2.0 (1.0-4.0)
|
3.8 (1.3-11.1)
| 1.4 (0.6-3.6) |
3 hours or more |
2.0 (1.2-3.5)
| 5.0 (0.6-39.6) | 1.7 (0.8-3.4) | 2.3 (0.7-7.1) | 2.2 (0.9-5.4) |
Overall media index‡
| |||||
Max. 30 minutes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 - 2 hours | 0.7 (0.4-1.3) | 0.6 (0.1-3.4) | 0.7 (0.3-1.9) | 0.8 (0.3-2.0) | 0.5 (0.2-1.4) |
3 - 4 hours | 0.8 (0.4-1.6) | 0.6 (0.1-3.2) | 1.1 (0.4-2.6) | 0.6 (0.2-1.6) | 0.6 (0.2-1.7) |
5 - 6 hours | 0.6 (0.3-1.3) | 0.8 (0.1-4.4) | 0.6 (0.3-1.7) | 0.8 (0.3-2.2) | 0.6 (0.2-1.7) |
7 hours or more | 0.7 (0.3-1.5) | 0.6 (0.1-3.7) | 0.7 (0.3-2.1) | 0.5 (0.1-1.6) | 0.8 (0.3-2.5) |