Background
Methods
Patients and controls
Whole MS | RR form | SP form | PP form | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 313) | (N = 172) | (N = 91) | (N = 50) | |
Age (years) (Mean [range]) | 45 (19–77) | 39 (19–69) | 50 (32–77) | 54 (21–76) |
Gender (% male -n male/female) | 43.8 (137/176) | 40.1 (69/103) | 43.9 (40/51) | 56 (28/22) |
Body weight (kg) (Mean ± SD) (range) | 67.47 ± 7.12 (49–88) | 67.40 ± 6.55 (51–84) | 67.49 ± 7.54 (49–82) | 67.68 ± 8.28 (52–88) |
EDSS (Mean [range]) | 3.5 (1–9) | 3.0 (1–8) | 5.0 (2–9) | 4.0 (1–8) |
Disease duration (years) (Mean [range]) | 11 (1–40) | 7 (1–30) | 15 (1–38) | 14 (1–40) |
Duplex ultrasound investigation
Classic approach
Dynamic approach: the sternocleidomastoid muscle-stretching manoeuvre
IJV morphological types
Statistical analysis
Results
Colour Doppler criteria | Relapsing remitting | Secondary progressive | Primary progressive | Whole MS | Healthy controls |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N, %) | (N, %) | (N, %) | (N, %) | (N, %) | |
1. Reflux in IJVs and/or VVs with the head at 0° and +90° or reflux in one position with blocked flow in the other | 91/313 | 58/313 | 29/313 | 178/313 | 18/298 |
29.1% | 18.5% | 9.3% | 56.9% | 6.0% | |
2. Reflux in the deep cerebral veins | 162/313 | 88/313 | 49/313 | 299/313 | 64/298 |
51.8% | 22.1% | 15.6% | 95.5% | 21.5% | |
3. High resolution B-mode evidence of proximal IJV malformations | 162/313 | 90/313 | 42/313 | 294/313 | 39/298 |
51.8% | 28.8% | 13.3% | 93.9% | 13.1% | |
4. Flow not Doppler detectable in the IJV and/or VV at 0° and 90° | 22/313 | 28/313 | 18/313 | 68/313 | 0/298 |
7.0% | 8.9% | 5.7% | 21.7% | 0% | |
5. ΔCSA in the IJV ≤ 0 | 20/313 | 29/313 | 13/313 | 62/313 | 0/298 |
6.4% | 9.3% | 4.1% | 19.8% | 0% |
MS patients with CCSVI | Healthy controls | |
---|---|---|
1. Normal | 73/626 11.7% | 557/596 93.5% |
2. Only VDs | 308/626 49.2% | 39/596 6.5% |
3. Hypoplasia | 47/626 7.5% | 0/596 0% |
4. Miopragia | 170/626 27.1% | 0/596 0% |
5. Miopragia + VDs | 28/626 4.5% | 0/596 0% |
Right or left CSA (mm2) (Mean ± SD) | ΔCSA (mm2) (Mean ± SD) | Right and left CSA (mm2) (Mean ± SD) | ΔCSA (mm2) (Mean ± SD) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IJV morphological types | N | Neutral position (0° - midline) | Max. rotation (90° from midline) | N | Neutral position (0° - midline) | Max. rotation (90° from midline) | ||
Normal | 73 | 69.685 ± 8.763 | 74.395 ± 9.052 | 4.710 ± 1.987 | 557 | 70.084 ± 9.098 | 74.613 ± 9.067 | 4.529 ± 1.675 |
Only VDs | 308 | 71.050 ± 8.876 | 75.461 ± 8.746 | 4.411 ± 2.079 | 39 | 71.431 ± 7.943 | 76.374 ± 8.549 | 4.944 ± 1.168 |
Miopragic | 170 | 9.921 ± 2.554 | 72.695 ± 8.413 | 62.775 ± 8.940 (*) | 0 | - | - | - |
Miopragic + VDs | 28 | 8.682 ± 1.647 | 74.400 ± 6.483 | 65.718 ± 7.070 (*) | 0 | - | - | - |
Hypoplastic | 47 | 9.096 ± 2.443 | 11.132 ± 2.414 | 2.036 ± 0.844 | 0 | - | - | - |
MS patients with CCSVI
|
Healthy Controls
|
CCSVI score | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
(N, %) | (N, %) | (N, %) | (N, %) | |
1. Only VDs | 58/94 | 28/94 | 8/94 | 0/94 |
61.7% | 29.8% | 8.5% | 0% | |
2. Hypoplasia + VDs | 11/33 | 17/33 | 5/33 | 0/33 |
33.3% | 51.5% | 15.2% | 0% | |
3. Miopragia + VDs | 34/172 | 103/172 | 24/172 | 11/172 |
19.8% | 59.9% | 14.0% | 6.4% | |
4. Hypoplasia + Miopragia + VDs | 2/14 | 4/14 | 8/14 | 0/14 |
14.3% | 28.6% | 57.1% | 0% |
Hypothesis | Observed | Holm threshold | Holm adjusted p-value |
---|---|---|---|
p-value | value | =max{6p6, 5p5, 4p4, 3p3, 2p2, p1; kpk} | |
k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | |||
H1
| 0.102 | stop | 0.102 = max (0, 0, 0.024, 0.033, 0.070, 0.102) |
H2
| 0.035 | 0.05/2 = 0.025 | 0.070 = max (0, 0, 0.024, 0.033, 0.070) |
H3
| 0.011 | 0.05/3 = 0.017 | 0.033^ = max (0, 0, 0.024, 0.033) |
H4
| 0.006 | 0.05/4 = 0.013 | 0.024^ = max (0, 0, 0.024) |
H5
| 0.000 | 0.05/5 = 0.010 | 0.000^ = max (0, 0) |
H6
| 0.000 | 0.05/6 = 0.008 | 0.000^ = max (0) |
Discussion
Internal Jugular Veins (IJVs) | CSA (mm2) | Right CSA (mm2) | Right CSA (mm2) | CSA (mm2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Segment | Right 0° | Left 0° | 20° contralateral rotation | 0° | Max. contralateral rotation | Right and left 0° | Right 0° | Left 0° |
J1 (Mean ± SD) | - | - | - | - | 17.8 ± 10.9 | 48 ± 30 | 50 ± 14 | |
J2 (Mean ± SD) | 84 ± 39 | 65 ± 31 | 9.0 ± 5.6 | 78 ± 46 | 111 ± 60 | 10.4 ± 8.4 | 37 ± 31 | 28 ± 19 |
J3 (Mean ± SD) | - | - | - | - | 14.8 ± 13.2 | 26 ± 14 | 21 ± 11 | |
N of IJVs | 45 | 45 | 52 | 24 | 66 | 10 | 10 | |
Body weight (kg) (Mean ± SD) | - | 75.3 ± 15.8 | - | - | ||||
(range) | - | - | 63-100.5 | - | ||||
Age (years) (Mean ± SD) | 36.9 ± 11.8 | 37 ± 11 | - | 27.5 ± 5.0 | - | |||
(range) | - | - | 30-86 | - | 23-42 | |||
Authors |
Kantarci et al. [28] |
Bellazzini et al. [50] |
Suarez et al. [25] |
Zamboni et al. [24] |
Zamboni et al. [20] | |||
Internal Jugular Veins (IJVs)
|
AP diameter (mm)
| |||||||
Segment
|
Right 0°
|
Right 60°
|
Left 0°
|
Left 60°
| ||||
J2 (Mean ± SD) | 8.5 ± 2.7 | 9.1 ± 2.8 | 7.8 ± 2.7 | 8.2 ± 2.8 | ||||
N of IJVs | 100 | 100 | ||||||
Body weight (kg) (Mean) | 65.6 | |||||||
(range) | 32–108 | |||||||
Age (years) (Mean) | 55.7 | |||||||
(range) | 21–89 | |||||||
Authors |
Lorchirachoonkul et al. [19] |