Background
Methods
Search Strategy
Inclusion Criteria
Data Extraction and Quality Appraisal
Results
Reference | Sample | Outcomes | Measures | Intervention/Duration | Results | Quality Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caulfield et al. [13] | 184 children (Peru) | 1,3 (At 4-5 yrs) | Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence | Zinc + folic acid + iron vs. folic acid + iron only 10-14 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,3 | 15/21 |
Goodenough & Harris Draw-a-Person Test | ||||||
Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales | ||||||
Preschool Behaviour Questionnaire | ||||||
Dunstan et al. [31] | 72 children (Australia) | 1,2,3 (At 34 mo) | Griffiths Mental Development Scale | Fish oil vs. olive oil 20 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,3 + 2 | 16/21 |
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test | ||||||
Child Behavior Checklist | ||||||
Hamadani et al. [22] | 168 children (Bangladesh) | 1,2,3 (At 39 mo) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | Zinc vs. placebo 16 weeks gestation to birth | - 1,2 ∅ 3 | 14/21 |
Wolke's Behaviour Rating Scale (modified) | ||||||
Helland et al. [16] | 84 children (Norway) | 1 (At 4 yrs) | Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children | Cod liver oil vs. corn oil 18 weeks gestation to three months post-birth | + 1 | 12/21 |
Helland et al. [15] | 143 children (Norway) | 1 (At 7 yrs) | Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children | Cod liver oil vs. corn oil 18 weeks gestation to three months post-birth | ∅ 1 | 15/21 |
Innis & Friesen [19] | 135 infants (British Columbia) | 4 (At 60 d) | Teller Acuity Card Procedure | DHA vs. corn/soybean oil 16 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 4 | 16/21 |
Joos et al. [25] | 99 infants (rural Taiwan) | 1,2 (At 250 d) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | HCHP drink + MVM vs. LCLP drink + MVM Preconception to lactation | ∅ 1 + 2 | 15/21 |
Judge et al. [18] | 30 infants (Connecticut) | 4 (At 4 and 6 mo) | Teller Acuity Card Procedure | DHA vs. corn oil cereal bar 24 weeks gestation to birth | + 4 at 4 months ∅ 4 at 6 months | 14/21 |
Judge et al. [17] | 29 infants (Connecticut) | 1 (At 9 mo) | Willatts' Infant Planning Test
a
| DHA vs. corn oil cereal bar 24 weeks gestation to birth | + 1
a
∅ 1
b
| 12/21 |
Fagan Test of Intelligence
b
| ||||||
Li et al. [26] | 1305 infants (rural China) | 1,2 (At 3,6,12 mo) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | MVM vs. folic acid + iron vs. folic acid alone 14 weeks gestation to birth | + 1 at 12 months ∅ 1 at 3 and 6 months ∅ 2 | 19/21 |
Malcolm et al. [20] | 55 infants (Scotland) | 4 (At 50 and 66 wk) | Visual evoked potential | Fish oil vs. sunflower oil 15 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 4 | 15/21 |
McGrath et al. [27] | 327 children born to HIV-infected mothers (Tanzania) | 1,2 (At 6, 12 and 18 mo) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | Vitamin A vs. MVM-A vs. MVM+A vs. placebo <28 weeks gestation to 18 months post-birth | ∅ 1 + 2 (MVMs only) | 13/21 |
Parsons et al. [21] | 264 children (Australia) | 3 (At 7.5 yrs) | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire | Iron vs. placebo 20 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 3 | 17/21 |
Short Temperament Scale for Children | ||||||
Schmidt et al. [28] | 276 infants (rural Indonesia) | 1,2 (At 6 and 12 mo) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | Iron + folic acid + vitamin A vs. iron + folic acid vs. LD iron + LD folic acid 20 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1, 2 | 14/21 |
Tamura et al. [29] | 355 children (Alabama) | 1,2,4,5 (At 5.3 yrs) | Differential Ability Scales | Zinc vs. placebo 20 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,2,4,5 | 15/21 |
Wide Range Achievement Test | ||||||
Knox Cube test | ||||||
Gross Motor Scale | ||||||
Grooved Pegboard test | ||||||
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test | ||||||
Visual Sequential Memory | ||||||
Auditory Sequential Memory | ||||||
Tofail et al. [23] | 249 infants (Bangladesh) | 1,2,3 (At 10 mo) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | Fish oil vs. soy oil 25 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,2,3 | 15/21 |
Wolke's Behaviour Rating Scale | ||||||
Tofail et al. [24] | 2116 infants (Bangladesh) | 1,2 (At 7 mo) | Willatts' Infant Planning Test | Food packets + MVM vs. food packets + iron + folic acid (Fe60) vs. food packets + LD iron + folic acid (Fe30) <30 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,2 | 17/21 |
Bayley Scales of Infant Development - Psychomotor Developmental Index | ||||||
Zhou et al. [30] | 302 children (Australia) | 1,3 (At 4 yrs) | Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire | Iron vs. placebo 20 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,3 | 17/21 |
Study Characteristics
Vit. A (mcg RAE) | B1 (mg) | B2(mg) | B3 (mg) | B6 (mg) | B12 (mcg) | Folic acid (mg) | Vit. C (mg) | Vit. D (IU) | Vit. E (mg) | Iron (mg) | Zinc (mg) | Cu (mg) | I (mcg) | Se (mcg) | DHA (g) | EPA (g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caulfield et al. [13] "zinc + iron + folic acid" | - | - | - | - | - | - | 250 | - | - | - | 60 | 25 | - | - | - | - | - |
Caulfield et al. [13] "iron + folic acid" | - | - | - | - | - | - | 250 | - | - | - | 60 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Dunstan et al. [31] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 12 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.2 | 1.1 |
Hamadani et al. [22] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 30 | - | - | - | - | - |
1170 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 400 | 14 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | 0.8 | |
Innis & Friesen [19] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - |
a,b
Joos et al. [25] "HCHP drink" | 1500 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 20.0 | 1.6 | 2.0 | - | 75 | 400 | 6.7 | 12 | - | 1.0 | - | - | - | - |
b
Joos et al. [25] "LCLP drink" | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | - |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | |
Li et al. [26] "MVM" | 800 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 18 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 70 | 200 | 10 | 30 | 15 | 2.0 | 150 | 65 | - | - |
Li et al. [26] "iron + folic acid" | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | 60 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Li et al. [26] "folic acid" | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Malcolm et al. [20] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | - |
d
McGrath et al. [27] "vitamin A" | 6000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
McGrath et al. [27] "MVM-A" | - | 20 | 20 | 100 | 25 | 50 | 0.8 | 500 | - | 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
d
McGrath et al. [27] "MVM+A" | 6000 | 20 | 20 | 100 | 25 | 50 | 0.8 | 500 | - | 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Parsons et al. [21] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Schmidt et al. [28] "iron + folic acid + vitamin A" | 4800 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | 120 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Schmidt et al. [28] "iron + folic acid" | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | 120 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Schmidt et al. [28] "LD iron + LD folic acid" | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.25 | - | - | - | 90 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Tamura et al. [29] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 25 | - | - | - | - | - |
Tofail et al. [23] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | 1.8 |
e
Tofail et al. [24] "food + MVM" | 800 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 18 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 70 | 200 | 10 | 30 | 15 | 2 | 150 | 65 | - | - |
e
Tofail et al. [24] "food + Fe60" | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | 60 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
e
Tofail et al. [24] "food + Fe30" | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | - | 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Zhou et al. [30] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20 | - | - | - | - | - | - |