Background
Methods
Study area
Study population
Data collection
Analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Place of delivery
Demographic and socio-economic characteristics
Characteristic | Health facility n (%) | Non health facility n (%) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Age of mother at birth of last child
| |||
< 20 years | 70 (62) | 43 (38) | 2.4 (1.5–3.8) |
20 years and above | 157 (41) | 230 (59) | 1.0 |
Time since last delivery
| |||
1–12 months | 153 (53) | 135 (47) | 0.87 (0.6–1.3) |
13–24 months | 120 (57) | 92 (43) | 1.0 |
Religion of mother
| |||
Moslem | 26 (46) | 30 (54) | 1.05 (0.6–1.9) |
Christian | 201 (45) | 243 (55) | 1.0 |
Education status of mother
| |||
Secondary and above | 60 (60) | 40 (40) | 2.1 (1.3–3.4) |
None/Primary | 167 (42) | 233 (52) | 1.0 |
Occupation status of mother
| |||
Employed for cash | 37 (57) | 28 (43) | 1.70 (0.98–2.98) |
Employed not for cash | 190 (44) | 245 (56) | 1.0 |
Marital Status of mother
| |||
Married | 211 (46) | 244 (54) | 1.57 (0.80–3.11) |
Not married | 16 (36) | 29 (64) | 1.0 |
Education status of husband
| |||
No Husband | 10 (22) | 35 (78) | 0.43 (0.20–0.94) |
Secondary and above | 117 (54) | 100 (46) | 1.92 (1.09–2.36) |
None/ primary | 100 (42) | 138 (58) | 1.0 |
Occupation status of husband
| |||
No Husband | 10 (22) | 35 (78) | 0.6 (0.3–4.5) |
Employed for Cash | 119 (64) | 68 (36) | 3.0 (2.0–4.5) |
Employed not for cash | 98 (37) | 170 (63) | 1.0 |
House hold socio-economic status
| |||
High | 42 (66) | 22 (34) | 2.6 (1.5–4.7) |
Low/Medium | 185 (42) | 251 (58) | 1.0 |
Antenatal care attendance
Characteristic | Health facility n(%) | Non health facility n(%) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Attendance of antenatal
| |||
Yes | 225 (47) | 251 (53) | 9.9 (2.4–87.2) |
No | 2 (8) | 22 (92) | 1.0 |
Timing of first antenatal visit*
| |||
7–9 months | 29 (38) | 48 (62) | 0. (0.2–0.9) |
4–6 months | 158 (48) | 176 (52) | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) |
1–3 months | 38 (59) | 27 (41) | 1.0 |
Number of antenatal visits*
| |||
1–3 | 65 (37) | 110 (63) | 1.9 (1.3–2.9) |
> 3 | 160 (53) | 141 (47) | 1.0 |
Condition of baby during antenatal*
| |||
Was not told | 103 (48) | 110 (52) | 3.4 (1.2–9.9) |
Normal | 106 (44) | 135 (56) | 3.4 (1.2–10.9) |
Abnormal | 16 (73) | 6 (27) | 1.0 |
Condition of mother during antenatal*
| |||
Was not told | 115 (50) | 113 (50) | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) |
Normal | 98 (47) | 122 (53) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) |
Abnormal | 12 (43) | 16 (57) | 1.0 |
Birth Plan*
| |||
Present | 144 (54) | 122 (46) | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) |
Absent | 81 (39) | 129 (61) | 1.0 |
Knew expected date of delivery*
| |||
No | 161 (45) | 194 (55) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
Yes | 64 (53) | 57 (47) | 1.0 |
Previous delivery experiences
Characteristic | Health facility n(%) | Non health Facility n(%) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Number of births
| |||
Less than four | 141 (61) | 91 (39) | 3.33 (2.22–4.76) |
Four and above | 86 (32) | 182 (68) | 1.0 |
Place of immediate past delivery
| |||
No past delivery | 44 (63) | 26 (37) | 11.79 (6.12–22.89) |
Health facility | 152 (83) | 31 (17) | 34.16 (19.29–60.98) |
Home | 31 (13) | 216 (87) | 1.0 |
Type of immediate past delivery
| |||
No past delivery | 44 (63) | 26 (37) | 2.36 (1.36–412) |
Caesarean | 13 (57) | 10 (43) | 1.81 (0.72–4.57) |
Vaginal | 170 (41) | 237 (59) | 1.0 |
Any complication during immediate past delivery
| |||
No past delivery | 44 (63) | 26 (37) | 2.82 (1.61–4.96) |
Yes | 47 (70) | 20 (30) | 3.92 (2.16–7.18) |
No Complication | 136 (37) | 227 (63) | 1.0 |
Time of onset of labour
| |||
During the day | 159 (48) | 175 (52) | 1.31 (0.88–1.94) |
During the night | 68 (41) | 98 (59) | 1.0 |
Health system factors
Characteristic | Health facility n(%) | Non health Facility n(%) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Distance to nearest health facility with facilities for delivery
| |||
0–3 Kilometres | 192 (49) | 202 (51) | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) |
>3 Kilometres | 35 (33) | 71 (67) | 1.0 |
Time taken to nearest health unit with facilities for delivery
| |||
> 2 hours | 42 (41) | 61 (59) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) |
0–2 hours | 185 (47) | 212 (53) | 1.0 |
Had access to transport (money or transport means at home at the time of time of delivery)
| |||
Yes | 126 (37) | 214 (63) | 2.9 (1.9–4.4) |
No | 101 (63) | 59 (37) | 1.0 |
The nearest maternity facility has adequate supply of drugs
| |||
Disagrees | 127 (43) | 168 (57) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) |
Agrees | 100 (49) | 105 (51) | 1.0 |
The nearest maternity facility has adequate number of health workers
| |||
Disagrees | 124 (43) | 167 (57) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) |
Agrees | 103 (49) | 106 (51) | 1.0 |
Satisfaction with the privacy at the nearest maternity facility
| |||
Not satisfied | 139 (45) | 167 (55) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) |
Satisfied | 88 (45) | 106 (55) | 1.0 |
The cost of delivery at the nearest maternity facility is
| |||
Free | 51 (41) | 74 (59) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
Affordable | 56 (57) | 43 (43) | 1.7 (1.0–2.8) |
Not affordable | 120 (44) | 156 (56) | 1.0 |
Beliefs associated with place of delivery
Characteristic | Health facility n(%) | Non health facility n(%) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Health workers at the nearest maternity health facility are kind
| |||
Disagrees | 121 (39) | 186 (61) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) |
Agrees | 106 (55) | 87 (45) | 1.0 |
Health workers at the nearest maternity health facility are corrupt
| |||
Agree | 156 (44) | 198 (56) | 0.8 (0.6–1.3) |
Disagree | 71 (49) | 75 (51) | 1.0 |
Its useless to deliver in a maternity facility where Caesarean Section can not be done
| |||
Agrees | 107 (43) | 142 (57) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) |
Disagree | 120 (48) | 131 (52) | 1.0 |
Only women who get problems with delivery should deliver in health facilities
| |||
Agrees | 14 (25) | 43(75) | 2.8 (1.5–5.6) |
Disagrees | 213 (48) | 230 (52) | 1.0 |
The decision to seek antenatal care is generally made by
| |||
My self | 166 (49) | 174 (51) | 1.6 (1.0–2.3) |
Others * | 61 (38) | 99 (62) | 1.0 |
The decision regarding place of delivery is generally made by
| |||
Others * | 78 (55) | 65 (45) | 1.68 (1.1–2.5) |
My self | 149 (42) | 208 (52) | 1.0 |
Financial resources for health care are generally controlled by
| |||
Others ** | 221 (46) | 255 (54) | 2.6 (1.1–2.5) |
My self | 6 (25) | 18 (75) | 1.0 |
My preferred position for delivery is
| |||
Lying on the back | 198 (67) | 96 (33) | 11.1 (6.9–17.7) |
Other positions *** | 33 (16) | 177 (84) | 1.0 |
The preferred person for disposal of placenta is
| |||
Health worker | 183 (72) | 71 | 11.8 (7.6–18.6) |
Others **** | 44 (21) | 202 | 1.0 |
Independent predictors of health facility delivery
Variable | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|
Household economic status (High) | 2.8 (1.2–6.3) |
Had access to transport (money or transport means at home during time of delivery) | 2.0 (1.2–3.5) |
The preferred person for placental disposal of placenta is health worker | 12.1 (4.3–34.1) |
The decision regarding place of delivery is generally not made by myself | 2.4 (1.4–4.6) |
Parity of mother is less than four | 2.9 (1.6–5.7) |
My preferred position for delivery is lying on the back (supine) | 5.9 (3.5–11.1) |
The decision to seek antenatal care is generally made by myself | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) |
Having a complication during immediate past delivery | 4.2 (3.0–8.2) |