Background
Methods
Tissue samples
Dog | Breed | Age in years | Histologic Grade | Tumor size (cm) | Affected lymph node | Postoperative overall survival (months) | ERa | ERBB2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | American Pittbull | 9 | Grade III | 3 | Inguinal | 8 | - | + |
2 | Bobtail | 10 | Grade III | 3 | inguinal | 6 | - | + |
3 | Rottweiler | 10 | Grade III | 3 | inguinal | 6 | - | + |
4 | Dachshund | 13 | Grade II | 2 | inguinal | 3 | - | + |
5 | Bavarian Mountain Dog | 13 | Grade III | 5 | inguinal | 8 | - | + |
6 | Golden Retriever | 11 | Grade III | 1 | inguinal | 5 | - | - |
7 | 12 | Grade II | 1 | axillary | 2 | - | + | |
8 | Pudel | 16 | Grade II | 3 | inguinal | 2 | - | - |
9 | West Highland White Terrier | 16 | Grade II | 0.5 | inguinal | 3 | - | + |
10 | French Bulldog | 15 | Grade III | 1 | inguinal | / | - | + |
11 | Mixed Breed | 16 | Grade II | 3 | inguinal | 9 | - | + |
12 | Beagle | 11 | Grade II | 4 | inguinal | 1 | - | + |
13 | Mixed Breed | 9 | Grade III | 2 | inguinal | / | - | + |
14 | Mixed Breed | 12 | Grade III | 4 | - | >24 | - | + |
15 | Dalmatian | 10 | Grade II | 3 | - | >24 | - | + |
16 | Irish Setter | 9 | Grade II | 3 | - | >24 | - | + |
17 | Labrador | 11 | Grade III | 3 | - | >24 | - | - |
18 | Soft coat. wheaten Terrier | 12 | Grade III | 4 | - | >24 | - | + |
19 | Mixed Breed | 11 | Grade III | 3 | - | >24 | - | + |
20 | German Short Hair | 12 | Grade III | 15 | - | >24 | - | + |
21 | Poodle | 11 | Grade II | 3 | - | >24 | - | + |
22 | Mixed Breed | 15 | Grade III | 7 | - | >8 | - | + |
23 | Miniature Pinscher | 13 | Grade II | 2 | - | >24 | - | + |
24 | Mixed Breed | 11 | Grade III | 9 | - | >24 | - | + |
25 | Great Dane | 10 | Grade III | 7 | - | >24 | - | + |
26 | Mixed Breed | 9 | Grade III | 3 | - | >24 | - | + |
27 | Mixed Breed | 13 | Grade III | 7 | - | >24 | - | + |
Immunohistochemistry
Macrodissection of tumor samples and RNA isolation
Microarray analyses
Quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR)
Data analysis
Results
Immunohistological phenotype of the tumors
Identification of differentially expressed genes
Gene | Mean fold change in metastatic carcinomas by qPCR | Mean fold change in metastatic carcinomas by microarray |
---|---|---|
AURKA | 2.5 (0.52)* | 5.9 |
ALOX12 | 0.6 (0.11)* | 0.4 |
BMP-6 | 2.4 (0.97)* | 4.4 |
ERBB-4 | 0.4 (0.09)* | 0.4 |
HEPACAM2 | 0.2 (0.05)* | 0.01 |
IGFR2 | 0.6 (0.11) | 0.4 |
RAD51 | 2.4 (0.67)* | 4.7 |
TGFBR-3 | 0.41 (0.90)* | 0.2 |
Up-regulation of cell cycle and DNA-damage repair genes in metastatic canine carcinomas
Up-regulated cell cycle genes | Down-regulated cell cycle genes |
---|---|
Cell Cycle Genes | |
ANAPC10, APPL1, AURKA, BIRC5, BUB3, CCDC5, CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNB2, CCNE1, CDC2, CDC27, CDC37, CDC45L, CDC5L, CDC6, CDCA2, CDCA5, CDCA8, CETN3, CGREF1, CHAF1A, CHAF1B, CHEK2, CKAP2, DKC1, DTYMK, ERBB2IP, ESCO2, ESPL1, EXO1, FBXO5, GADD45B, GADD45GIP1, GMNN, GTSE1, ILF3, INCENP, IRF1, KATNA1, KIF15, KIF23, KIFC1, LIN9, MAD2L1, MCM5, MCM6, MIS12, MRPL41, MYBL2, NCAPG, NCAPG2, NCAPH, NDC80, NME1, NOLC1, NPM1, NUF2, NUSAP1, PARD3B, PBK, PES1, PFDN1, PIK3CB, PLK1, PPM1G, PRC1, PRMT5, PTPN11, RAD17, RAD21, RAD51, RANBP1, RASSF1, RASSF4, B1CC1, RBL1, RPA1, SASS6, SGOL1, SMC1A, SPC24, SPC25, SPIN1, STK11, SUGT1, TPX2, TTK, TXNL4A, UHRF1, YEATS4, YWHAQ, ZW10 | BCL6, DBC1, DST, KHDRBS1, LATS1, NEDD9, PPP2R1B, RBM5, SESN1, TARDBP, |
Cell Cycle Checkpoint Genes | |
BIRC5, BUB3, CDC2, CDC45L, CDC6, CHEK2, GTSE1, MAD2L1, PTPN11, RAD17, SMC1A, TTK, ZW10, | |
Cyclin Genes | |
CCNE1, RBL1, CCNB2, CCNA2, CCNB1 | CCNL2 |
DNA-Damage Repair Genes | |
APEX2, CHAF1A, CHAF1B, DCLRE1B, ESCO2, EXO1, FEN1, GADD45B, GADD45GIP1, GEN1, GTF2H3, NSMCE2, NUDT1, POLD3, RAD17, RAD21, RAD51, RAD51C, RFC3, RPA1, SMC1A, SMC5, TOPBP1, TYMS, UBE2N, UHRF1, UNG |
Functional gene class | Gene number | Enrichment factor |
---|---|---|
up-regulated genes
| ||
M-phase | 52 | 17.49 |
DNA replication | 29 | 6.72 |
Protein folding | 32 | 6.34 |
Transcription factors | 48 | 6.21 |
RNA processing | 50 | 5.99 |
Apoptosis | 10 | 5.98 |
Mitochondrion | 59 | 5.96 |
Cell cycle checkpoint | 14 | 4.09 |
DNA damage response | 30 | 3.52 |
Ubiquitin-pathway | 13 | 2.56 |
DNA-replication initiation | 7 | 2.05 |
Methyltransferases | 15 | 1.95 |
RAS-signalling | 5 | 1.71 |
Prefoldins | 4 | 1.62 |
Transcription repressors | 13 | 1.32 |
down-regulated genes
| ||
Transcription factors | 55 | 3.62 |
mRNA processing | 11 | 3.45 |
Muscle contraction | 10 | 2.86 |
Transcription regulation | 41 | 2.36 |
Cell growth regulation | 10 | 2.03 |
Methyltransferases | 6 | 1.75 |
Cell differentiation | 54 | 1.58 |
Transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors | 12 | 1.33 |
Down-regulation of growth factor receptor pathways and cell differentiation genes in metastatic canine carcinomas
Up-regulated receptor genes | Down-regulated receptor genes |
---|---|
Receptors | |
CD300LF, CRLF3, F2RL1, FKBP3, GOSR2, HYAL2, IL10RB, ITGA4, JMJD6, KIF15, LBR, MED30, PFDN6, RNF139, SIVA1, TFRC, TREM1, ZNHIT3 | EPHB1, EPHB3, ERBB4, FGFR1, FKBP, GIT2, GPR116, IGF2R, MET, NISCH, NRP1, NPR2, NRXN1 NTRK2, PRKCZ, PTPN2, TGFBR3, THRB, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF21, TNPO3 |
Transmembrane Receptors with Tyrosine Kinase Activity | |
EPHB1, EPHB3, ERBB4, FGFR1, IGF2R, MET, NRP1, NTRK2, TGFBR3, | |
G-Protein Coupled Receptors | |
F2RL1, SLC26A6 | GPR116, NPR2 |
Cell Differentiation Genes | |
AATF, ASF1B, Bak1, BCLAF1, BID, BIRC3, BIRC5, BMP6, BNIP2, CASC5, CASP6, CDC2, CEP57, CHEK2, CKAP2, CLN5, CNP, CSE1L, DNAJA3, DNM1L, EIF2B2, ESPL1, FASTKD3, FBXO5, GADD45B, HRB, HSPD1, JMJD6, KATNA1, MRPL41, MYBL2, NME1, NPM1, OPA1, PDCD10, PEX13, PLDN, PRKAA1, PTPN11, RAD21, RB1CC1, RNF6, RNF7, SAP30BP, SFXN1, SIVA1, SKIL, SLTM, SON, STK3, STK4, STRBP, TGM2, WHSC1L1, YWHAG | ACTN1, AFF4, ALOX12, BCL6, CATSPER1, CSPG5, DBC1, EPHB3, ERBB4, FGFR1, FST, GATA3, MET, MYH11, NRP1, NRXN1, NTF3, NTRK2, PIK3R1, PPP2R1B, PRKCZ, SEMA6D, SMARCA1, SOX5, SOX6, TBX19, THRB, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF21, TSG101, ZBTB16 |
Cell-cell adhesion and matrix modulation genes are differentially expressed in metastatic tumors
Up-regulated genes | Down-regulated genes |
---|---|
Matrix Modulators | |
MMP11, SERPINE1, CTSL2 | |
Cell adhesion | |
DST, ICAM2, ITGA4, ITGB1BP1, LBR | ACTN1, ALOX12, ASAM, BCL6, CHAD, COL16A1, CYR61, DST, EMILIN1, HEPACAM2, MIA3, NEDD9, NRP1, NRXN1, PCDHGC3 |
Focal Adhesion | |
PTK2 | ACTN1, BIRC3, CHAD, COL2A1, MET, MYLK, PIK3R1 |
Comparison with human breast cancer expression profiles
Dysregulated pathways in metastatic canine mammary tumors | Gene number | Dysregulated pathways in metastatic human breast cancer |
---|---|---|
up-regulated pathways
| Ranking in a meta-analysis[1] | |
Cell_cycle | 33 | 1 |
Cell_cycle_G1_to_S_control_reactome | 22 | 2 |
DNA_replication_reactome | 25 | 3 |
Tissue_embryonic_stem_cell | 11 | 6 |
Proteasome degradation | 7 | 7 |
down-regulated pathways
| ||
Striated_muscle_contraction | 8 | 4 |
Focal_adhesion | 11 | / |
IL-6_NetPath_18 | 5 | 6 |
Human genes of the 70 prognostic gene profile (van't Veer et al.) | Homologous genes expressed in metastatic canine tumors | Gene family members expressed in canine tumors |
---|---|---|
Homologous genes present on canine gene array | ||
AP2B1 | AP2B1 | - |
CCNE2 | - | CCNE1 |
CDC42BPA | - | - |
CENPA | CENPA | - |
COL4A2 | COL2, 16 | |
DCK | DCK | - |
DIAPH3 | DIAPH3 | - |
ECT2 | ECT2 | - |
EGLN1 | - | - |
ESM1 | ESM1 | - |
EXT1 | - | - |
FGF18 | - | - |
FLT1 | - | - |
GMPS | - | GMPS |
GNAZ | - | - |
HRASLS | - | - |
IGFBP5 | - | - |
LPCAT1 | LPCAT1 | - |
MCM6 | MCM6 | - |
MELK | MELK | - |
MMP9 | - | MMP11 |
MS4A7 | - | - |
NDC80 | NDC80 | - |
ORC6L | ORC6L | - |
OXCT | - | - |
PECI | - | - |
PRC1 | PRC1 | |
RAB6B | - | RAB10, 7L1, EPK |
RFC4 | - | RFC2, 3 |
SCUBE2 | - | - |
SLC2A3 | - | - |
STK32 | - | STK3, 4, 11 |
TGFB3 | - | - |
UCHL5 | - | UCHL3 |
ALDH4 | - | ALDH16 |
FAM2A | - | FAM13B |
NMU | - | NMB |