Background
Methods
Data
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008-09 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clusters Selected | 536 | 536 | 400 | 400 |
Households Selected | 8805 | 9465 | 9865 | 9936 |
Women Interviewed | 7540 | 7881 | 8195 | 8444 |
Response Rate | 95% | 96% | 94% | 96% |
Child anthropometry
Analysis
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008-09 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | n | % | C.I. | n | % | C.I. | n | % | C.I. | n | % | C.I. | Wald F | P-value | Trend | |
Total
| M/F | 2,969 | 8.4 | 7.2-9.8 | 2,921 | 8.7 | 7.6-10.0 | 3,020 | 7.2 | 6.0-8.5 | 3,028 | 7.4 | 6.1-8.9 | 2.206 | 0.138 | |
M | 1,789 | 9.1 | 7.5-10.9 | 1,501 | 9.2 | 7.7-10.9 | 1,818 | 8.6 | 7.0-10.5 | 1,807 | 8.6 | 7.0-10.5 | 0.259 | 0.611 | ||
F | 1,180 | 7.3 | 5.8-9.3 | 1,420 | 8.2 | 6.7-10.1 | 1,202 | 5.0 | 3.8-6.5 | 1,221 | 5.6 | 4.3-7.4 | 5.338 | 0.021 | ||
Age
| ||||||||||||||||
0-5 months | M | 275 | 9.7 | 6.3-14.7 | 273 | 9.9 | 6.5-14.6 | 342 | 10.0 | 6.9-14.4 | 308 | 8.0 | 5.2-12.2 | 0.293 | 0.589 | |
F | 160 | 8.3 | 4.8-14.1 | 179 | 8.6 | 5.0-14.4 | 170 | 5.6 | 2.9-10.6 | 142 | 12.8 | 7.8-20.2 | 0.391 | 0.532 | ||
6-11 months | M | 367 | 10.4 | 7.3-14.6 | 293 | 14.9 | 10.4-20.9 | 366 | 10.0 | 7.1-13.9 | 373 | 13.2 | 8.1-20.8 | 0.104 | 0.747 | |
F | 179 | 7.0 | 4.0-12.0 | 232 | 9.9 | 6.4-15.2 | 221 | 4.7 | 2.6-8.3 | 185 | 6.5 | 3.2-13.0 | 0.056 | 0.812 | ||
12-23 months | M | 648 | 10.2 | 7.4-14.0 | 528 | 9.1 | 6.8-12.1 | 638 | 8.9 | 6.6-12.0 | 583 | 5.3 | 3.6-7.8 | 5.714 | 0.017 | |
F | 360 | 8.9 | 5.9-13.3 | 489 | 9.8 | 7.1-13.3 | 385 | 6.4 | 4.3-9.5 | 430 | 4.2 | 2.7-6.6 | 8.977 | 0.003 | ||
24-35 months | M | 500 | 6.2 | 4.3-9.0 | 407 | 4.6 | 2.8-7.4 | 472 | 6.1 | 4.0-9.4 | 543 | 9.2 | 5.8-14.3 | 3.139 | 0.077 | |
F | 482 | 6.0 | 4.0-8.8 | 520 | 5.9 | 4.0-8.6 | 426 | 3.5 | 2.0-6.1 | 464 | 4.4 | 2.4-8.0 | 1.431 | 0.232 | ||
Province
| ||||||||||||||||
Nairobi | M | 58 | 4.8 | 1.3-16.3 | 120 | 13.8 | 8.3-22.2 | 111 | 4.6 | 2.1-10.1 | 84 | 9.7 | 4.0-21.7 | 0.010 | 0.922 | |
F | 43 | 0.0 | 68 | 10.8 | 3.8-26.9 | 88 | 4.9 | 1.2-18.2 | 73 | 2.9 | 0.6-12.5 | 0.089 | 0.766 | |||
Central | M | 199 | 3.5 | 1.4-8.3 | 127 | 9.2 | 5.2-15.9 | 182 | 5.2 | 2.8-9.3 | 122 | 5.2 | 2.5-10.5 | 0.213 | 0.645 | |
F | 159 | 4.6 | 2.0-10.2 | 142 | 8.2 | 3.7-17.1 | 145 | 6.6 | 3.6-11.6 | 110 | 7.2 | 3.6-14.1 | 0.409 | 0.524 | ||
Coast | M | 146 | 13.7 | 9.5-19.4 | 126 | 7.4 | 4.4-12.2 | 167 | 8.2 | 5.0-13.2 | 173 | 13.7 | 8.9-20.5 | 0.012 | 0.913 | |
F | 93 | 13.9 | 8.3-22.3 | 112 | 6.4 | 3.7-10.8 | 97 | 4.7 | 2.1-10.0 | 108 | 11.8 | 7.2-18.7 | 0.172 | 0.679 | ||
Eastern | M | 344 | 10.5 | 7.0-15.6 | 230 | 6.8 | 4.0-11.3 | 321 | 7.9 | 4.7-12.8 | 268 | 4.8 | 2.7-8.2 | 3.981 | 0.048 | |
F | 248 | 11.7 | 7.3-18.0 | 259 | 6.4 | 3.3-12.1 | 184 | 2.7 | 1.0-7.5 | 233 | 5.7 | 2.8-11.1 | 3.583 | 0.060 | ||
Nyanza | M | 292 | 9.6 | 6.7-13.6 | 312 | 12.9 | 9.0-18.2 | 278 | 6.3 | 3.7-10.6 | 385 | 6.1 | 4.1-9.0 | 6.403 | 0.012 | |
F | 189 | 5.2 | 2.6-10.0 | 297 | 11.2 | 8.1-15.4 | 201 | 1.5 | 0.5-5.0 | 222 | 4.5 | 2.3-8.7 | 3.496 | 0.063 | ||
Rift-Valley | M | 418 | 10.9 | 7.2-16.3 | 396 | 7.8 | 5.4-11.2 | 520 | 12.6 | 9.0-17.5 | 533 | 13.4 | 10.0-17.8 | 1.794 | 0.182 | |
F | 268 | 7.5 | 4.8-11.6 | 340 | 7.7 | 5.3-11.2 | 323 | 6.3 | 3.9-10.2 | 318 | 6.4 | 3.6-11.2 | 0.375 | 0.541 | ||
Western | M | 333 | 6.8 | 4.4-10.4 | 193 | 6.9 | 4.0-11.8 | 239 | 8.3 | 4.5-14.9 | 242 | 3.8 | 1.6-8.8 | 0.777 | 0.379 | |
F | 181 | 4.2 | 2.0-8.6 | 203 | 7.2 | 4.0-12.6 | 163 | 7.8 | 4.7-12.6 | 158 | 1.5 | 0.5-4.8 | 1.199 | 0.275 | ||
Residence
| ||||||||||||||||
Urban | M | 192 | 6.4 | 3.8-10.7 | 283 | 7.9 | 4.8-12.7 | 324 | 5.6 | 3.6-8.6 | 305 | 7.4 | 4.7-11.5 | 0.001 | 0.973 | |
F | 135 | 5.9 | 3.0-11.5 | 244 | 7.9 | 4.8-12.9 | 222 | 3.8 | 1.7-8.6 | 244 | 3.5 | 1.8-6.6 | 3.611 | 0.058 | ||
Rural | M | 1,598 | 9.4 | 7.7-11.4 | 1,218 | 9.5 | 7.8-11.4 | 1,494 | 9.3 | 7.4-11.5 | 1,502 | 8.8 | 7.0-11.1 | 0.182 | 0.670 | |
F | 1,046 | 7.5 | 5.8-9.6 | 1,177 | 8.3 | 6.6-10.3 | 980 | 5.2 | 3.9-7.0 | 977 | 6.2 | 4.6-8.3 | 2.982 | 0.085 | ||
Maternal Education
| ||||||||||||||||
No education | M | 309 | 16.2 | 11.8-21.9 | 164 | 7.6 | 4.2-13.5 | 236 | 18.4 | 13.0-25.5 | 182 | 18.6 | 13.4-25.3 | 1.126 | 0.289 | |
F | 206 | 12.4 | 8.4-17.8 | 144 | 11.3 | 6.8-18.4 | 155 | 6.0 | 2.7-12.6 | 114 | 8.7 | 4.7-15.4 | 2.498 | 0.115 | ||
Incomplete primary | M | 710 | 9.4 | 7.1-12.2 | 557 | 12.2 | 9.5-15.4 | 678 | 11.1 | 8.5-14.4 | 666 | 8.5 | 6.1-11.6 | 0.296 | 0.587 | |
F | 476 | 6.6 | 4.5-9.7 | 548 | 8.6 | 6.3-11.7 | 456 | 5.7 | 3.8-8.4 | 411 | 4.8 | 2.6-8.4 | 2.006 | 0.157 | ||
Complete primary | M | 366 | 8.0 | 5.6-11.4 | 377 | 9.1 | 6.3-13.1 | 519 | 3.4 | 2.0-5.5 | 562 | 6.6 | 4.5-9.7 | 1.994 | 0.158 | |
F | 226 | 6.4 | 3.6-11.0 | 370 | 8.6 | 5.7-12.8 | 326 | 5.1 | 3.1-8.3 | 363 | 8.9 | 5.6-13.8 | 0.186 | 0.666 | ||
Incomplete secondary | M | 363 | 4.4 | 2.4-7.8 | 148 | 7.3 | 3.7-14.2 | 165 | 5.3 | 2.5-11.0 | 157 | 7.4 | 3.7-14.1 | 1.048 | 0.306 | |
F | 227 | 4.6 | 2.5-8.0 | 132 | 5.1 | 2.2-11.6 | 97 | 4.7 | 1.8-11.6 | 111 | 4.1 | 1.5-10.7 | 0.024 | 0.878 | ||
Secondary + | M | 42 | 1.1 | 0.2-7.9 | 256 | 4.8 | 2.4-9.1 | 220 | 5.3 | 2.8-9.7 | 240 | 6.7 | 3.9-11.5 | 1.718 | 0.190 | |
F | 45 | 10.5 | 3.7-26.5 | 225 | 6.6 | 3.8-11.3 | 168 | 1.9 | 0.7-4.7 | 223 | 1.2 | 0.4-3.4 | 14.170 | 0.000 | ||
Wealth Index
| ||||||||||||||||
Poorest | M | 403 | 15.2 | 11.3-20.2 | 378 | 11.3 | 8.1-15.6 | 442 | 10.7 | 7.2-15.7 | 433 | 13.0 | 9.7-17.2 | 0.601 | 0.439 | |
F | 279 | 7.6 | 4.5-12.4 | 345 | 9.3 | 6.5-13.1 | 263 | 6.9 | 4.2-11.2 | 264 | 7.6 | 4.5-12.6 | 0.086 | 0.769 | ||
Poorer | M | 395 | 10.1 | 7.3-13.7 | 302 | 12.2 | 8.8-16.5 | 391 | 10.8 | 7.4-15.4 | 415 | 9.6 | 5.1-17.4 | 0.053 | 0.818 | |
F | 240 | 10.9 | 7.4-15.7 | 303 | 8.0 | 5.2-12.2 | 269 | 5.2 | 3.0-9.1 | 243 | 7.0 | 3.4-13.7 | 1.858 | 0.173 | ||
Middle | M | 385 | 6.6 | 4.4-9.6 | 288 | 5.9 | 3.2-10.4 | 347 | 7.5 | 4.8-11.3 | 350 | 5.8 | 3.1-10.6 | 0.010 | 0.922 | |
F | 227 | 8.0 | 4.7-13.3 | 258 | 9.8 | 6.3-14.8 | 236 | 3.5 | 1.8-6.6 | 240 | 4.9 | 2.7-8.9 | 3.945 | 0.047 | ||
Richer | M | 343 | 7.8 | 4.9-12.2 | 271 | 6.0 | 3.6-9.9 | 316 | 7.4 | 4.5-11.7 | 305 | 7.1 | 4.5-10.9 | 0.028 | 0.868 | |
F | 231 | 5.1 | 2.6-9.8 | 258 | 8.1 | 4.7-13.5 | 213 | 4.8 | 2.4-9.1 | 246 | 5.7 | 3.1-10.3 | 0.036 | 0.849 | ||
Richest | M | 264 | 3.4 | 1.8-6.4 | 262 | 9.5 | 6.1-14.5 | 323 | 5.6 | 3.5-8.8 | 305 | 5.6 | 3.1-9.8 | 0.100 | 0.752 | |
F | 204 | 4.7 | 2.5-8.8 | 256 | 5.6 | 3.2-9.9 | 221 | 4.1 | 1.8-9.1 | 229 | 2.5 | 1.1-5.5 | 1.983 | 0.160 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008-09 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | n | % | C.I. | n | % | C.I. | n | % | C.I. | n | % | C.I. | Wald F | P-value | Trend | |
Total
| M/F | 2,996 | 39.5 | 37.3-41.7 | 2,951 | 37.1 | 34.9-39.2 | 3,033 | 36.1 | 33.9-38.4 | 3,051 | 36.5 | 33.6-39.5 | 2.681 | 0.102 | |
M | 1,805 | 41.7 | 38.9-44.7 | 1,511 | 39.5 | 36.8-42.2 | 1,827 | 38.8 | 36.0-41.6 | 1,822 | 36.9 | 33.7-40.2 | 4.634 | 0.032 | ||
F | 1,191 | 36.0 | 32.8-39.3 | 1,440 | 34.5 | 31.7-37.5 | 1,206 | 32.1 | 29.0-35.4 | 1,229 | 35.9 | 31.7-40.3 | 0.089 | 0.766 | ||
Age
| ||||||||||||||||
0-5 months | M | 276 | 20.5 | 15.4-26.7 | 286 | 17.9 | 13.4-23.6 | 355 | 17.8 | 13.4-23.2 | 320 | 14.3 | 9.0-22.1 | 2.288 | 0.131 | |
F | 167 | 10.6 | 6.4-16.9 | 190 | 15.7 | 10.7-22.5 | 169 | 14.5 | 9.5-21.6 | 149 | 15.5 | 8.9-25.8 | 0.135 | 0.713 | ||
6-11 months | M | 372 | 24.9 | 20.5-29.9 | 290 | 24.5 | 19.1-30.7 | 363 | 21.5 | 16.9-26.9 | 372 | 27.3 | 21.8-33.6 | 0.011 | 0.917 | |
F | 178 | 22.9 | 16.4-31.0 | 239 | 18.6 | 13.7-24.7 | 223 | 16.0 | 11.1-22.4 | 184 | 24.3 | 16.6-34.0 | 0.108 | 0.742 | ||
12-23 months | M | 655 | 52.9 | 48.0-57.8 | 528 | 50.5 | 45.9-55.1 | 642 | 50.4 | 45.5-55.3 | 580 | 49.7 | 43.8-55.5 | 0.488 | 0.485 | |
F | 360 | 31.3 | 26.1-37.0 | 489 | 36.9 | 32.5-41.7 | 386 | 38.7 | 33.3-44.3 | 432 | 40.1 | 31.5-49.4 | 4.179 | 0.041 | ||
24-35 months | M | 502 | 51.3 | 46.1-56.5 | 407 | 51.0 | 45.5-56.5 | 467 | 52.2 | 46.8-57.6 | 550 | 43.1 | 37.1-49.4 | 3.242 | 0.072 | |
F | 485 | 53.1 | 47.6-58.5 | 522 | 46.4 | 41.6-51.3 | 428 | 41.5 | 35.9-47.4 | 464 | 43.1 | 37.6-48.7 | 9.880 | 0.002 | ||
Province
| ||||||||||||||||
Nairobi | M | 65 | 61.7 | 46.3-75.1 | 120 | 32.3 | 24.0-41.8 | 111 | 29.2 | 22.0-37.6 | 85 | 30.4 | 20.9-41.9 | 8.505 | 0.005 | |
F | 46 | 18.2 | 10.7-29.1 | 66 | 27.8 | 15.4-44.9 | 89 | 18.4 | 11.8-27.6 | 73 | 30.6 | 20.8-42.6 | 0.880 | 0.351 | ||
Central | M | 202 | 45.2 | 36.0-54.7 | 127 | 41.9 | 33.5-50.8 | 188 | 41.2 | 33.7-49.2 | 126 | 37.2 | 29.0-46.1 | 1.317 | 0.253 | |
F | 160 | 34.4 | 27.1-42.4 | 145 | 32.4 | 21.8-45.2 | 145 | 31.0 | 23.9-39.0 | 110 | 24.1 | 15.3-35.8 | 2.149 | 0.145 | ||
Coast | M | 145 | 42.0 | 34.4-50.0 | 128 | 48.5 | 36.7-60.5 | 168 | 41.0 | 32.6-50.0 | 174 | 39.9 | 34.3-45.8 | 0.505 | 0.478 | |
F | 96 | 47.3 | 37.8-57.0 | 113 | 41.0 | 32.4-50.2 | 98 | 41.3 | 31.4-51.9 | 108 | 42.2 | 28.1-57.7 | 0.224 | 0.636 | ||
Eastern | M | 345 | 46.3 | 39.5-53.2 | 238 | 42.3 | 36.5-48.4 | 319 | 42.6 | 35.0-50.5 | 269 | 43.1 | 37.1-49.4 | 0.457 | 0.500 | |
F | 246 | 45.5 | 37.5-53.8 | 261 | 38.9 | 32.5-45.7 | 189 | 33.7 | 24.4-44.5 | 235 | 39.7 | 31.9-48.1 | 1.249 | 0.265 | ||
Nyanza | M | 297 | 40.6 | 34.7-46.8 | 310 | 33.8 | 28.0-40.1 | 279 | 33.2 | 27.3-39.7 | 381 | 30.8 | 26.1-35.9 | 5.347 | 0.022 | |
F | 191 | 37.9 | 31.2-45.1 | 307 | 33.5 | 27.4-40.1 | 204 | 32.2 | 25.1-40.2 | 220 | 35.0 | 28.1-42.6 | 0.262 | 0.609 | ||
Rift-Valley | M | 420 | 39.1 | 32.9-45.6 | 393 | 39.8 | 36.1-43.7 | 516 | 40.3 | 35.0-45.8 | 545 | 41.2 | 33.5-49.4 | 0.178 | 0.673 | |
F | 269 | 27.6 | 22.0-34.0 | 346 | 32.9 | 27.4-38.9 | 318 | 32.7 | 27.0-38.9 | 326 | 38.3 | 27.3-50.6 | 2.240 | 0.136 | ||
Western | M | 331 | 35.3 | 29.6-41.5 | 196 | 41.3 | 33.1-50.0 | 245 | 38.0 | 31.2-45.3 | 242 | 30.1 | 25.5-35.2 | 1.235 | 0.268 | |
F | 184 | 33.6 | 25.9-42.2 | 201 | 33.4 | 26.9-40.6 | 165 | 32.0 | 24.1-41.1 | 158 | 32.9 | 25.1-41.8 | 0.038 | 0.846 | ||
Residence
| ||||||||||||||||
Urban | M | 199 | 41.9 | 32.7-51.6 | 281 | 30.4 | 24.9-36.5 | 327 | 35.3 | 29.4-41.7 | 307 | 29.5 | 23.7-36.0 | 2.647 | 0.105 | |
F | 138 | 17.7 | 12.0-25.5 | 247 | 27.7 | 20.9-35.6 | 223 | 24.4 | 19.5-30.0 | 244 | 25.7 | 16.4-37.7 | 0.452 | 0.502 | ||
Rural | M | 1,606 | 41.7 | 38.7-44.8 | 1,230 | 41.5 | 38.6-44.5 | 1,500 | 39.5 | 36.4-42.7 | 1,515 | 38.4 | 34.9-42.1 | 2.300 | 0.130 | |
F | 1,052 | 38.4 | 35.0-41.9 | 1,193 | 36.0 | 32.9-39.2 | 983 | 33.9 | 30.3-37.6 | 985 | 38.4 | 34.1-43.0 | 0.057 | 0.812 | ||
Maternal Education
| ||||||||||||||||
No education | M | 313 | 44.0 | 37.5-50.8 | 166 | 49.3 | 39.4-59.2 | 233 | 41.7 | 32.8-51.2 | 190 | 36.8 | 29.1-45.3 | 1.975 | 0.161 | |
F | 209 | 42.9 | 35.3-50.9 | 144 | 43.8 | 34.3-53.8 | 152 | 41.3 | 31.3-52.0 | 114 | 44.0 | 29.9-59.2 | 0.000 | 0.998 | ||
Incomplete primary | M | 716 | 48.8 | 44.6-53.0 | 573 | 44.7 | 40.4-49.1 | 683 | 42.1 | 37.9-46.4 | 664 | 41.5 | 36.2-47.1 | 5.069 | 0.025 | |
F | 475 | 41.1 | 36.0-46.5 | 561 | 39.1 | 34.9-43.5 | 457 | 35.9 | 30.6-41.5 | 410 | 40.6 | 34.6-47.0 | 0.180 | 0.671 | ||
Complete primary | M | 367 | 40.4 | 34.9-46.2 | 380 | 37.8 | 32.7-43.2 | 526 | 38.6 | 33.9-43.5 | 565 | 40.1 | 33.9-46.8 | 0.004 | 0.951 | |
F | 228 | 31.8 | 25.5-38.8 | 371 | 38.0 | 32.4-43.8 | 330 | 35.8 | 30.5-41.5 | 369 | 34.7 | 28.7-41.2 | 0.041 | 0.839 | ||
Incomplete secondary | M | 367 | 29.3 | 23.5-35.9 | 139 | 31.9 | 23.8-41.2 | 165 | 39.4 | 30.2-49.4 | 156 | 27.8 | 20.0-37.3 | 0.229 | 0.633 | |
F | 232 | 24.3 | 18.7-31.0 | 135 | 27.5 | 20.5-35.8 | 96 | 21.1 | 13.0-32.3 | 112 | 27.4 | 18.3-38.7 | 0.043 | 0.836 | ||
Secondary + | M | 42 | 24.0 | 12.6-40.9 | 254 | 28.0 | 22.7-34.0 | 219 | 25.2 | 19.7-31.5 | 247 | 23.1 | 16.7-31.1 | 0.700 | 0.403 | |
F | 46 | 31.2 | 18.1-48.2 | 228 | 16.0 | 11.6-21.7 | 171 | 12.8 | 8.8-18.2 | 224 | 29.3 | 20.9-39.5 | 1.749 | 0.187 | ||
Wealth Index
| ||||||||||||||||
Poorest | M | 405 | 48.6 | 42.8-54.5 | 384 | 50.6 | 44.5-56.6 | 448 | 45.8 | 40.9-50.8 | 450 | 42.9 | 36.8-49.3 | 2.568 | 0.110 | |
F | 281 | 44.0 | 37.8-50.5 | 353 | 44.0 | 38.1-50.1 | 261 | 40.4 | 33.4-47.9 | 268 | 46.6 | 39.8-53.4 | 0.066 | 0.797 | ||
Poorer | M | 399 | 43.9 | 38.3-49.7 | 303 | 41.7 | 36.0-47.5 | 389 | 38.5 | 33.0-44.3 | 411 | 44.7 | 37.6-51.9 | 0.003 | 0.960 | |
F | 243 | 37.7 | 31.6-44.2 | 307 | 40.9 | 34.8-47.3 | 272 | 35.1 | 29.2-41.6 | 247 | 37.4 | 28.8-46.9 | 0.174 | 0.677 | ||
Middle | M | 385 | 40.9 | 34.9-47.2 | 288 | 35.8 | 29.5-42.6 | 350 | 34.5 | 28.5-40.9 | 345 | 32.7 | 26.9-39.1 | 3.596 | 0.058 | |
F | 227 | 34.4 | 28.0-41.5 | 261 | 35.6 | 30.1-41.5 | 236 | 34.0 | 27.5-41.1 | 241 | 39.6 | 31.2-48.7 | 0.633 | 0.426 | ||
Richer | M | 346 | 41.7 | 35.9-47.9 | 279 | 38.2 | 32.6-44.1 | 312 | 40.1 | 33.8-46.7 | 304 | 28.9 | 22.5-36.3 | 5.982 | 0.015 | |
F | 232 | 41.8 | 34.8-49.1 | 262 | 31.1 | 24.7-38.4 | 211 | 29.2 | 22.9-36.5 | 241 | 32.5 | 23.4-43.1 | 1.999 | 0.158 | ||
Richest | M | 270 | 29.4 | 23.4-36.2 | 258 | 26.0 | 20.2-32.7 | 328 | 32.9 | 26.5-39.9 | 312 | 30.7 | 23.5-38.9 | 0.439 | 0.508 | |
F | 207 | 18.4 | 13.3-25.0 | 259 | 16.5 | 11.7-22.7 | 227 | 19.5 | 15.1-24.8 | 231 | 21.6 | 14.6-30.7 | 0.713 | 0.399 |
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008-09 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | n | % | C.I. | n | % | C.I. | n | % | C.I. | n | % | C.I. | Wald F | P-value | Trend | |
Total
| M/F | 3,115 | 19.7 | 17.9-21.6 | 3,051 | 17.6 | 16.0-19.4 | 3,148 | 16.0 | 14.4-17.8 | 3,147 | 15.0 | 13.0-17.2 | 11.804 | 0.001 | |
M | 1,881 | 21.4 | 19.1-23.8 | 1,580 | 19.4 | 17.2-21.9 | 1,880 | 18.7 | 16.4-21.2 | 1,890 | 16.4 | 14.1-19.1 | 7.964 | 0.005 | ||
F | 1,234 | 17.2 | 14.6-20.2 | 1,471 | 15.6 | 13.6-18.0 | 1,269 | 12.1 | 10.0-14.5 | 1,257 | 12.8 | 10.3-15.7 | 7.237 | 0.007 | ||
Age
| ||||||||||||||||
0-5 months | M | 307 | 13.4 | 9.6-18.4 | 309 | 9.3 | 6.1-14.0 | 381 | 9.8 | 6.7-13.8 | 352 | 5.1 | 3.0-8.4 | 9.369 | 0.002 | |
F | 178 | 7.6 | 4.5-12.5 | 195 | 8.9 | 5.4-14.4 | 2,001 | 4.4 | 2.2-8.6 | 160 | 5.8 | 2.6-12.5 | 1.781 | 0.182 | ||
6-11 months | M | 379 | 18.0 | 14.0-22.8 | 305 | 16.4 | 12.3-21.4 | 370 | 17.0 | 13.3-21.6 | 386 | 18.2 | 12.3-26.0 | 0.016 | 0.898 | |
F | 189 | 14.1 | 9.4-20.6 | 242 | 10.6 | 6.9-16.2 | 229 | 8.4 | 5.3-13.2 | 187 | 6.2 | 3.2-11.9 | 4.093 | 0.043 | ||
12-23 months | M | 674 | 26.4 | 22.4-30.9 | 546 | 22.1 | 18.4-26.1 | 649 | 22.1 | 18.0-26.9 | 597 | 17.9 | 14.5-22.0 | 8.317 | 0.004 | |
F | 371 | 17.6 | 13.5-22.5 | 504 | 16.8 | 13.4-20.8 | 396 | 15.0 | 11.4-19.5 | 439 | 11.4 | 7.5-16.8 | 1.720 | 0.190 | ||
24-35 months | M | 520 | 22.1 | 18.4-26.2 | 420 | 25.8 | 21.2-30.9 | 480 | 22.2 | 18.0-27.2 | 555 | 20.9 | 16.1-26.7 | 0.146 | 0.702 | |
F | 496 | 21.6 | 17.3-26.6 | 530 | 19.3 | 16.0-23.2 | 443 | 14.9 | 11.3-19.5 | 470 | 19.0 | 15.1-23.8 | 3.309 | 0.069 | ||
Province
| ||||||||||||||||
Nairobi | M | 72 | 11.5 | 4.9-24.9 | 121 | 13.6 | 8.2-21.8 | 114 | 6.2 | 3.1-12.2 | 93 | 9.2 | 5.2-15.7 | 1.198 | 0.277 | |
F | 51 | 2.7 | 0.4-15.4 | 72 | 2.6 | 0.4-14.7 | 91 | 4.5 | 2.1-9.5 | 80 | 7.3 | 2.7-18.4 | 1.330 | 0.252 | ||
Central | M | 201 | 16.0 | 12.1-21.0 | 138 | 8.4 | 4.6-14.7 | 188 | 12.3 | 8.4-17.8 | 131 | 12.7 | 5.7-25.7 | 0.313 | 0.576 | |
F | 165 | 10.8 | 6.5-17.2 | 149 | 10.8 | 5.8-19.1 | 154 | 9.0 | 5.3-15.0 | 115 | 10.3 | 5.6-18.1 | 0.077 | 0.782 | ||
Coast | M | 173 | 29.5 | 23.0-36.9 | 134 | 23.4 | 15.1-34.5 | 178 | 19.9 | 14.7-26.3 | 178 | 23.2 | 17.3-30.4 | 1.807 | 0.181 | |
F | 110 | 25.7 | 17.5-36.2 | 115 | 19.4 | 14.4-25.4 | 102 | 13.8 | 8.2-22.3 | 109 | 20.9 | 14.4-29.5 | 1.015 | 0.315 | ||
Eastern | M | 357 | 23.7 | 18.2-30.4 | 256 | 22.2 | 16.9-28.7 | 326 | 20.7 | 15.8-26.8 | 275 | 16.9 | 12.0-23.2 | 2.548 | 0.112 | |
F | 262 | 24.3 | 16.9-33.7 | 270 | 18.4 | 14.0-23.8 | 195 | 11.4 | 6.6-19.1 | 235 | 14.3 | 8.6-23.1 | 3.711 | 0.056 | ||
Nyanza | M | 308 | 21.6 | 17.4-26.6 | 315 | 22.7 | 17.6-28.8 | 291 | 14.6 | 10.1-20.8 | 398 | 14.0 | 9.9-19.4 | 6.951 | 0.009 | |
F | 193 | 20.9 | 15.1-28.1 | 302 | 20.2 | 14.8-27.0 | 214 | 9.1 | 5.2-15.5 | 226 | 10.8 | 7.0-16.3 | 10.394 | 0.002 | ||
Rift-Valley | M | 432 | 24.0 | 18.9-30.1 | 417 | 19.0 | 15.3-23.5 | 537 | 23.0 | 18.0-28.9 | 570 | 20.2 | 15.7-25.5 | 0.403 | 0.526 | |
F | 271 | 12.8 | 9.2-17.6 | 357 | 13.8 | 10.1-18.4 | 347 | 15.1 | 10.7-21.0 | 331 | 13.6 | 8.2-21.6 | 0.075 | 0.784 | ||
Western | M | 337 | 16.4 | 12.1-22.0 | 197 | 20.0 | 13.2-29.1 | 245 | 21.0 | 14.8-28.9 | 245 | 11.1 | 6.4-18.5 | 0.768 | 0.382 | |
F | 181 | 14.4 | 9.8-20.6 | 207 | 14.6 | 9.7-21.5 | 165 | 16.4 | 11.3-23.2 | 161 | 10.4 | 6.7-15.8 | 0.751 | 0.388 | ||
Residence
| ||||||||||||||||
Urban | M | 215 | 12.2 | 8.2-17.8 | 294 | 12.0 | 8.0-17.6 | 335 | 13.7 | 9.2-19.9 | 319 | 13.0 | 8.9-18.7 | 0.144 | 0.704 | |
F | 145 | 8.3 | 4.1-15.9 | 256 | 9.5 | 6.5-13.5 | 241 | 7.4 | 4.4-12.1 | 254 | 8.5 | 4.6-15.3 | 0.025 | 0.874 | ||
Rural | M | 1,665 | 22.6 | 20.1-25.2 | 1,286 | 21.2 | 18.7-23.9 | 1,544 | 19.7 | 17.2-22.6 | 1,570 | 17.1 | 14.5-20.1 | 8.309 | 0.004 | |
F | 1,089 | 18.4 | 15.5-21.6 | 1,215 | 16.9 | 14.5-19.6 | 1,028 | 13.2 | 10.8-16.0 | 1,003 | 13.8 | 11.1-17.1 | 6.301 | 0.012 | ||
Maternal Education
| ||||||||||||||||
No education | M | 331 | 30.7 | 25.0-37.2 | 174 | 31.1 | 22.3-41.6 | 244 | 32.1 | 25.1-40.0 | 197 | 27.4 | 21.1-34.8 | 0.233 | 0.629 | |
F | 220 | 27.0 | 20.3-35.0 | 148 | 27.0 | 19.5-36.0 | 168 | 19.2 | 13.5-26.7 | 115 | 22.2 | 13.9-33.4 | 1.540 | 0.215 | ||
Incomplete primary | M | 743 | 26.1 | 22.7-29.8 | 596 | 25.8 | 21.9-30.2 | 704 | 21.5 | 18.0-25.4 | 681 | 19.4 | 15.5-23.9 | 7.439 | 0.006 | |
F | 494 | 18.6 | 15.1-22.8 | 569 | 17.9 | 14.2-22.4 | 476 | 13.4 | 10.1-17.5 | 419 | 15.3 | 11.5-20.2 | 2.466 | 0.117 | ||
Complete primary | M | 383 | 16.8 | 13.1-21.3 | 395 | 13.8 | 10.7-17.7 | 538 | 15.1 | 11.8-19.2 | 590 | 15.5 | 11.4-20.6 | 0.034 | 0.854 | |
F | 231 | 11.8 | 7.9-17.4 | 384 | 16.1 | 12.6-20.4 | 348 | 12.8 | 8.8-18.3 | 376 | 14.2 | 9.8-20.1 | 0.023 | 0.880 | ||
Incomplete secondary | M | 383 | 10.3 | 7.3-14.3 | 152 | 11.0 | 6.5-17.9 | 167 | 13.0 | 7.6-21.4 | 164 | 11.0 | 6.4-18.3 | 0.239 | 0.625 | |
F | 243 | 11.4 | 7.5-16.9 | 139 | 9.4 | 5.3-15.9 | 102 | 4.1 | 1.3-12.4 | 115 | 7.1 | 3.7-13.3 | 2.837 | 0.093 | ||
Secondary + | M | 42 | 8.6 | 2.4-26.4 | 263 | 10.5 | 6.4-16.7 | 227 | 8.1 | 4.9-13.1 | 258 | 6.0 | 3.6-9.8 | 2.163 | 0.142 | |
F | 46 | 12.8 | 5.2-28.2 | 232 | 5.6 | 3.3-9.5 | 175 | 5.0 | 2.5-9.6 | 232 | 3.9 | 1.8-8.1 | 2.529 | 0.112 | ||
Wealth Index
| ||||||||||||||||
Poorest | M | 419 | 31.7 | 26.3-37.5 | 398 | 30.9 | 25.6-36.7 | 457 | 24.1 | 19.3-29.6 | 463 | 24.2 | 19.3-29.8 | 5.402 | 0.020 | |
F | 290 | 22.6 | 17.4-28.7 | 353 | 22.0 | 17.6-27.1 | 277 | 18.4 | 13.2-25.1 | 271 | 16.9 | 12.4-22.6 | 2.718 | 0.100 | ||
Poorer | M | 415 | 25.4 | 20.9-30.6 | 317 | 21.6 | 17.5-26.3 | 398 | 20.7 | 15.8-26.6 | 424 | 19.7 | 14.6-26.0 | 2.204 | 0.138 | |
F | 248 | 20.3 | 15.2-26.5 | 317 | 17.6 | 12.8-23.7 | 282 | 12.4 | 8.5-17.9 | 251 | 15.9 | 10.5-23.3 | 1.788 | 0.182 | ||
Middle | M | 396 | 17.5 | 13.9-21.7 | 308 | 14.3 | 10.3-19.5 | 359 | 16.9 | 12.8-22.0 | 358 | 10.9 | 7.3-15.9 | 3.208 | 0.074 | |
F | 237 | 17.6 | 12.7-23.9 | 271 | 16.0 | 11.8-21.5 | 243 | 14.5 | 10.4-19.8 | 246 | 17.9 | 11.9-26.0 | 0.001 | 0.980 | ||
Richer | M | 367 | 19.3 | 15.2-24.2 | 289 | 17.4 | 12.8-23.2 | 329 | 18.1 | 13.9-23.2 | 318 | 13.4 | 8.2-21.0 | 1.808 | 0.179 | |
F | 241 | 15.2 | 10.5-21.5 | 263 | 11.9 | 7.9-17.6 | 223 | 7.8 | 4.3-13.6 | 248 | 7.6 | 3.8-14.7 | 4.264 | 0.039 | ||
Richest | M | 285 | 8.6 | 5.6-12.9 | 268 | 8.1 | 5.2-12.3 | 337 | 11.3 | 7.2-17.3 | 326 | 10.4 | 6.0-17.4 | 0.691 | 0.406 | |
F | 219 | 8.4 | 5.0-13.8 | 269 | 8.2 | 5.4-12.3 | 244 | 6.1 | 3.4-10.8 | 241 | 4.9 | 2.6-9.2 | 2.238 | 0.135 |
Results
Description of the study samples
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008-09 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Growth
| ||||||||
Wasted | 249 | 8.4 | 255 | 8.7 | 216 | 7.2 | 224 | 7.4 |
Stunted | 1,182 | 39.5 | 1,094 | 37.1 | 1,095 | 36.1 | 1,114 | 36.5 |
Underweight | 615 | 19.7 | 537 | 17.6 | 504 | 16.0 | 471 | 15.0 |
Sex
| ||||||||
Male | 2,020 | 60.1 | 1,647 | 51.4 | 1,930 | 59.4 | 1,917 | 60.0 |
Female | 1,343 | 39.9 | 1,559 | 48.6 | 1,320 | 40.6 | 1,281 | 40.0 |
Age
| ||||||||
0-5 months | 521 | 15.5 | 523 | 16.3 | 603 | 18.6 | 516 | 16.1 |
6-11 months | 593 | 17.6 | 564 | 17.6 | 615 | 18.9 | 585 | 18.3 |
12-23 months | 1,124 | 33.4 | 1,097 | 34.2 | 1,080 | 33.2 | 1,048 | 32.8 |
24-35 months | 1,126 | 33.5 | 1,021 | 31.9 | 952 | 29.3 | 1,049 | 32.8 |
Province
| ||||||||
Nairobi | 157 | 4.7 | 213 | 6.7 | 216 | 6.7 | 181 | 5.6 |
Central | 390 | 11.6 | 296 | 9.2 | 357 | 11.0 | 249 | 7.8 |
Coast | 310 | 9.2 | 263 | 8.2 | 290 | 8.9 | 289 | 9.0 |
Eastern | 668 | 19.9 | 546 | 17.0 | 537 | 16.5 | 514 | 16.1 |
Nyanza | 526 | 15.6 | 641 | 20.0 | 510 | 15.7 | 630 | 19.7 |
Rift-Valley | 769 | 22.9 | 824 | 25.7 | 924 | 28.4 | 927 | 29.0 |
Western | 543 | 16.2 | 423 | 13.2 | 417 | 12.8 | 408 | 12.8 |
Residence
| ||||||||
Urban | 430 | 12.8 | 600 | 18.7 | 607 | 18.7 | 591 | 18.5 |
Rural | 2,934 | 87.2 | 2,606 | 81.3 | 2,644 | 81.3 | 2,608 | 81.5 |
Maternal Education
| ||||||||
No education | 614 | 18.3 | 339 | 10.6 | 432 | 13.3 | 318 | 9.9 |
Incomplete primary | 1,320 | 39.2 | 1,221 | 38.1 | 1,209 | 37.2 | 1,115 | 34.9 |
Complete primary | 665 | 19.8 | 811 | 25.3 | 914 | 28.1 | 982 | 30.7 |
Incomplete secondary | 670 | 19.9 | 306 | 9.6 | 281 | 8.6 | 283 | 8.8 |
Secondary + | 94 | 2.8 | 528 | 16.5 | 416 | 12.8 | 501 | 15.7 |
Wealth Index
| ||||||||
Poorest | 762 | 22.7 | 782 | 24.4 | 752 | 23.1 | 745 | 23.3 |
Poorer | 702 | 20.9 | 663 | 20.7 | 695 | 21.4 | 684 | 21.4 |
Middle | 672 | 20.0 | 606 | 18.9 | 620 | 19.1 | 610 | 19.1 |
Richer | 657 | 19.5 | 581 | 18.1 | 571 | 17.6 | 576 | 18.0 |
Richest | 570 | 16.9 | 573 | 17.9 | 614 | 18.9 | 584 | 18.3 |