Background
Methods
Eligibility criteria
Sample & setting
Design
Randomisation
Interventions
Procedure
Primary outcome
Secondary outcomes
Statistical analyses
Results
Randomisation and study attrition
Characteristics | myCompass | Attention control | Wait list |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 231) | (n = 246) | (n = 228) | |
Socio-demographics
| |||
Mean age (SD) | 39 (10.73) | 40 (11.42) | 38 (10.26) |
Female | 160 (70%) | 170 (70%) | 161(70%) |
Married | 97 (42%) | 104 (42%) | 87 (38%) |
Employed | 196 (85%) | 206 (84%) | 189 (83%) |
Student | 46 (20%) | 53 (22%) | 47 (21%) |
Education level
| |||
Secondary school or lower | 25 (11%) | 47 (19%) | 41 (18%) |
Trade certificate or diploma | 70 (30%) | 79 (32%) | 50 (22%) |
University under-graduate or more | 135 (58%) | 118 (48%) | 134 (59%) |
Daily computer use | 225 (97%) | 234 (95%) | 219 (96%) |
Daily mobile phone use | 223 (96%) | 234 (95%) | 220 (96%) |
Clinical history
| |||
Experienced an episode
| |||
Depression | 201 (87%) | 222 (90%) | 198 (87%) |
Anxiety | 188 (81%) | 208 (85%) | 196 (86%) |
Stress | 221 (96%) | 241 (98%) | 225 (99%) |
Frequency of previous episodes
| |||
Depression - > 5 times | 116 (50%) | 109 (44%) | 106 (46%) |
Anxiety - > 5 times | 106 (46%) | 107 (43%) | 108 (47%) |
Stress - > 5 times | 153 (66%) | 146 (59%) | 132 (58%) |
Episode in the last month
| |||
Depression | 82 (35%) | 108 (44%) | 89 (39%) |
Anxiety | 68 (29%) | 87 (35%) | 87 (38%) |
Stress | 134 (58%) | 129 (52%) | 151 (66%) |
Distress caused by most recent episode (Mean, SD)
a
| |||
Depression | 7.98 (1.78) | 7.75 (2.25) | 8.09 (2.06) |
Anxiety | 7.82 (1.67) | 7.44 (1.92) | 8.02 (1.89) |
Stress | 7.64 (1.75) | 7.54 (2.07) | 7.52 (2.08) |
Comorbid symptomsb
| 140 (61%) | 161 (65%) | 149 (65%) |
Outcomes at post-intervention
myCompass | Attention control | Wait lista
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n’s at each time-point | ||||||
Baseline | 231 | 246 | 228 | |||
Post-intervention | 126 | 195 | 198 | |||
Follow-up | 100 | 167 | - | |||
Outcome | Mean (SD)
| EMM (SEM)
| Mean (SD)
| EMM (SEM)
| Mean (SD)
| EMM (SEM)
|
WSAS
| ||||||
Baseline | 16.78 (8.07)
| 16.79 (0.29)
| 16.69 (8.11)
| 16.73 (0.28)
| 16.56 (8.77)
| 16.79 (0.29)
|
Post-intervention | 12.63 (8.30)
| 12.26 (0.41)
| 14.42 (9.47)
| 14.41 (0.32)
| 15.03 (8.97)
| 15.05 (0.32)
|
Follow-up | 12.02 (8.83)
| 12.13 (0.54)
| 13.26 (9.05)
| 13.27 (0.42)
| - | |
DASS depression
| ||||||
Baseline | 15.09 (9.44)
| 14.98 (0.34)
| 15.10 (8.88)
| 14.98 (0.33)
| 14.83 (8.90)
| 14.98 (0.34)
|
Post-intervention | 10.62 (8.41)
| 10.57 (0.47)
| 13.84 (10.41)
| 13.82 (0.37)
| 14.82 (9.96)
| 14.95 (0.37)
|
Follow-up | 11.68 (9.86)
| 12.14 (0.61)
| 12.59 (9.53)
| 12.51 (0.47)
| - | |
DASS anxiety
| ||||||
Baselineb
| 7.31 (6.47)
| 8.55 (0.27)
| 8.83 (7.05)
| 8.55 (0.26)
| 9.09 (7.27)
| 8.55 (0.27)
|
Post-intervention | 5.63 (6.74)
| 6.40 (0.37)
| 8.43 (8.18)
| 8.17 (0.29)
| 8.91 (7.98)
| 8.38 (0.29)
|
Follow-up | 6.78 (7.31)
| 7.00 (0.46)
| 7.43 (7.41)
| 7.15 (0.36)
| - | |
DASS stress
| ||||||
Baseline | 18.12 (8.02)
| 18.45 (0.32)
| 18.46 (8.72)
| 18.45 (0.31)
| 18.67 (7.91)
| 18.45 (0.32)
|
Post-intervention | 14.94 (7.62)
| 15.17 (0.43)
| 16.73 (8.95)
| 16.76 (0.34)
| 17.82 (8.96)
| 17.47 (0.34)
|
Follow-up | 14.26 (8.37)
| 14.66 (0.56)
| 16.00 (9.18)
| 15.84 (0.44)
| - | |
DASS total score
| ||||||
Baseline | 40.53 (18.94)
| 41.99 (0.79)
| 42.40 (19.53)
| 41.99 (0.76)
| 42.60 (18.45)
| 41.99 (0.79)
|
Post-intervention | 31.20 (19.31)
| 31.88 (1.08)
| 39.01 (23.94)
| 38.76 (0.87)
| 41.56 (22.11)
| 40.72 (0.86)
|
Follow-up | 32.74 (22.13)
| 33.90 (1.42)
| 36.03 (22.69)
| 35.48 (1.10)
| - |
Effect | Contrast estimate |
df (numerator, denominator) |
F, tstatistica
|
P
| Confidence intervalsb
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WSAS
| |||||
Group x time: | 2, 764 | 9.225 | .000 | ||
Interaction contrasts: | |||||
myCompass vs. ACc
| 2.12 | 1, 802 | 3.23 | .001 | 0.55-3.70 |
myCompass vs. WL | 2.77 | 1, 792 | 4.18 | .000 | 1.18-4.36 |
AC vs. WL | 0.65 | 1, 711 | 0.28 | .286 | -0.81-2.10 |
DASS depression
| |||||
Group x time | 2, 757 | 17.16 | .000 | ||
Interaction contrasts: | |||||
myCompass vs. AC | 3.25 | 1, 794 | 4.27 | .000 | 1.42-5.08 |
myCompass vs. WL | 4.39 | 1, 779 | 5.72 | .000 | 2.55-6.23 |
AC vs. WL | 1.13 | 1, 709 | 1.59 | .111 | -0.57-2.83 |
DASS anxiety
| |||||
Group x time | 2, 760 | 6.11 | .002 | ||
Interaction contrasts: | |||||
myCompass vs. AC | 1.76 | 1, 796 | 2.93 | .004 | 0.32-3.21 |
myCompass vs. WL | 1.96 | 1, 782 | 3.25 | .001 | 0.51-3.42 |
AC vs. WL | 0.20 | 1, 711 | 0.36 | .714 | -1.13-1.54 |
DASS stress
| |||||
Group x time | 2, 758 | 5.33 | .005 | ||
Interaction contrasts: | |||||
myCompass vs. AC | 1.59 | 1, 795 | 2.25 | .025 | -0.11-3.29 |
myCompass vs. WL | 2.29 | 1, 780 | 3.22 | .001 | 0.50-4.00 |
AC vs. WL | 0.71 | 1, 710 | 1.07 | .283 | -0.87-2.28 |
DASS total score
| |||||
Group x time | 2, 758 | 13.065 | .000 | ||
Interaction contrasts: | |||||
myCompass vs. AC | 6.83 | 1, 794 | 3.86 | .000 | 2.59-11.97 |
myCompass vs. WL | 8.79 | 1, 780 | 4.95 | .000 | 4.53-13.05 |
AC vs. WL | 1.95 | 1, 709 | 1.19 | .233 | -1.93-5.90 |
Outcomes at follow-up
Effect | Contrast estimate |
df (numerator, denominator) |
F, tstatistica
|
p
| Confidence intervalsb
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WSAS
| |||||
Group x time | 2, 790 | 3.93 | .020 | ||
Interaction contrasts: | |||||
Intervention phasec
| 2.06 | 1, 790 | 2.77 | .006 | 0.39-3.73 |
Follow-up phase | -0.93 | 1, 761 | -1.07 | .281 | -2.81-1.01 |
Depression
| |||||
Group x time | 2, 803 | 7.94 | .000 | ||
Interaction contrasts: | |||||
Intervention phase | 3.22 | 1, 799 | 3.83 | .000 | 1.33-5.10 |
Follow-up phase | -2.85 | 1, 774 | -2.91 | .004 | -5.05--0.65 |
DASS anxiety
| |||||
Group x time | 2, 805 | 4.20 | .015 | ||
Interaction contrasts: | |||||
Intervention phase | 1.76 | 1, 802 | 2.76 | .006 | 0.33-3.21 |
Follow-up phase | -1.62 | 1, 775 | -2.18 | .029 | -3.29--0.05 |
DASS stress
| |||||
Group x time | 2, 800 | 5.33 | .120 | ||
Interaction contrasts: | |||||
Intervention phase | 1.48 | 1, 797 | 1.91 | .056 | -0.26-3.22 |
Follow-up phase | -0.30 | 1, 770 | -0.33 | .721 | -2.33-1.72 |
DASS total score
| |||||
Group x time | 2, 801 | 6.15 | .002 | ||
Interaction contrasts: | |||||
Intervention phase | 6.73 | 1, 798 | 3.46 | .001 | 2.91-10.55 |
Follow-up phase | -5.14 | 1, 771 | -2.27 | .024 | -9.59--0.69 |
Effect size
WSAS | DASS Subscales | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | Anxiety | Stress | Total | ||
Observed means
| |||||
Between-groups:
| |||||
myCompass vs. ACa
| .22 | .36 | .40 | .22 | .41 |
myCompass vs. WL | .29 | .46 | .47 | .35 | .55 |
Within-groups:
| |||||
myCompass | .49 | .49 | .24 | .39 | .49 |
AC | .27 | .13 | .06 | .21 | .18 |
WL | .18 | .00 | .03 | .10 | .05 |
Estimated marginal means
| |||||
Between-groups:
| |||||
myCompass vs. AC | .23 | .33 | .26 | .19 | .36 |
myCompass vs. WL | .29 | .48 | .29 | .28 | .47 |
Within-groups:
| |||||
myCompass | .55 | .49 | .31 | .40 | .53 |
AC | .28 | .13 | .05 | .21 | .17 |
WL | .21 | .00 | .03 | .11 | .07 |