Background
Methods
Sampling
Evaluation at the index admission (baseline, T1)
Evaluation at the six-year follow-up (T2)
Statistics
T1 | T2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Pa
| Pb
| |
Total sample (n = 137) | 2.08 | 0.61 | 2.01 | 0.63 | 0.219 | |
Age | ||||||
< 30 years (n = 28) | 2.12 | 0.63 | 2.00 | 0.61 | 0.371 | 0.933 |
≥ 30 years (n = 109) | 2.07 | 0.61 | 2.01 | 0.64 | 0.366 | |
Sex | ||||||
Male (n = 97) | 2.03 | 0.62 | 2.03 | 0.65 | 0.996 | 0.513 |
Female (n = 40) | 2.19 | 0.58 | 1.96 | 0.58 | 0.019 | |
Education | ||||||
Only primary school (n = 59) | 2.20 | 0.62 | 2.11 | 0.61 | 0.317 | 0.150 |
More than primary school (n = 66) | 2.00 | 0.60 | 1.95 | 0.65 | 0.543 | |
Civil status | ||||||
Not married/cohabiting (n = 77) | 2.13 | 0.66 | 2.03 | 0.63 | 0.200 | 0.650 |
Married/cohabiting (n = 50) | 2.02 | 0.56 | 1.98 | 0.65 | 0.589 | |
Employment % | ||||||
Yes (n = 44) | 2.04 | 0.61 | 2.03 | 0.66 | 0.940 | 0.911 |
No (n = 83) | 2.13 | 0.62 | 2.02 | 0.62 | 0.098 | |
Main substance of abuse | ||||||
Alcohol (n = 77) | 2.04 | 0.63 | 2.04 | 0.63 | 0.930 | 0.578 |
Poly-substance abuse (n = 60) | 2.13 | 0.59 | 1.98 | 0.63 | 0.106 | |
Age at onset of substance use disorder | ||||||
≥ 18 years (n = 76) | 2.07 | 0.63 | 1.90 | 0.64 | 0.022 | 0.020 |
< 18 years (n = 61) | 2.09 | 0.58 | 2.15 | 0.59 | 0.489 | |
Use of substances at T2 | ||||||
"Abstainers" (n = 41) | 1.94 | 0.60 | 1.61 | 0.59 | 0.002 | < 0.001 |
"Relapsers" (n = 96) | 2.14 | 0.61 | 2.18 | 0.56 | 0.514 |
T1 | T2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Pa
| Pb
| |
Any Axis I disorder | ||||||
Yes (123) | 2.14 | 0.60 | 2.07 | 0.61 | 0.287 | 0.001 |
No (14) | 1.60 | 0.42 | 1.49 | 0.53 | 0.445 | |
Affective disorders | ||||||
Yes (n = 85) | 2.26 | 0.59 | 2.12 | 0.63 | 0.064 | 0.018 |
No (n = 50) | 1.80 | 0.53 | 1.86 | 0.59 | 0.492 | |
Major depression | ||||||
Yes (n = 59) | 2.27 | 0.61 | 2.15 | 0.61 | 0.177 | 0.44 |
No (n = 76) | 1.95 | 0.58 | 1.93 | 0.63 | 0.802 | |
Dysthymia | ||||||
Yes (n = 50) | 2.28 | 0.55 | 2.17 | 0.70 | 0.228 | 0.021 |
No (n = 83) | 1.95 | 0.62 | 1.91 | 0.57 | 0.573 | |
All anxiety disorders | ||||||
Yes (n = 110) | 2.18 | 0.61 | 2.10 | 0.63 | 0.267 | < 0.001 |
No (n = 27) | 1.69 | 0.43 | 1.64 | 0.49 | 0.583 | |
Agoraphobiac
| ||||||
Yes (n = 61) | 2.33 | 0.57 | 2.20 | 0.63 | 0.178 | 0.001 |
No (n = 74) | 1.87 | 0.57 | 1.86 | 0.60 | 0.816 | |
Social anxiety disorder | ||||||
Yes (n = 65) | 2.34 | 0.60 | 2.24 | 0.60 | 0.286 | < 0.001 |
No (n = 69) | 1.86 | 0.52 | 1.80 | 0.59 | 0.485 | |
Simple phobias | ||||||
Yes (n = 60) | 2.29 | 0.69 | 2.08 | 0.65 | 0.034 | 0.268 |
No (n = 76) | 1.92 | 0.48 | 1.96 | 0.61 | 0.508 | |
Generalized anxiety disorder | ||||||
Yes (n = 25) | 2.32 | 0.62 | 2.27 | 0.67 | 0.701 | 0.022 |
No (n = 112) | 2.03 | 0.60 | 1.95 | 0.61 | 0.243 | |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | ||||||
Yes (n = 29) | 2.35 | 0.66 | 2.07 | 0.57 | 0.035 | 0.558 |
No (n = 107) | 2.01 | 0.58 | 1.99 | 0.65 | 0.739 | |
Somatization disorder | ||||||
Yes (n = 39) | 2.35 | 0.60 | 2.21 | 0.62 | 0.291 | 0.022 |
No (n = 97) | 1.97 | 0.59 | 1.94 | 0.62 | 0.558 | |
Number of Axis I disorders | ||||||
0 (n = 14) | 1.60 | 0.42 | 1.49 | 0.53 | 0.445 | < 0.001d
|
1–3 (n = 58) | 1.85 | 0.48 | 1.95 | 0.58 | 0.167 | |
4 + (n = 65) | 2.39 | 0.59 | 2.17 | 0.63 | 0.021 |
T1 | T2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axis II disorders | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Pa
| Pb
|
Any Axis II disorder | ||||||
Yes (98) | 2.22 | 0.60 | 2.10 | 0.65 | 0.090 | 0.008 |
No (36) | 1.76 | 0.51 | 1.79 | 0.52 | 0.733 | |
Paranoid | ||||||
Yes (n = 6) | 2.40 | 0.56 | 2.55 | 0.31 | 0.638 | 0.035 |
No (n = 128) | 2.08 | 0.61 | 1.99 | 0.63 | 0.139 | |
Schizoid | ||||||
Yes (n = 23) | 2.45 | 0.65 | 2.25 | 0.54 | 0.224 | 0.049 |
No (n = 111) | 2.02 | 0.58 | 1.97 | 0.64 | 0.397 | |
Schizotyp | ||||||
Yes (n = 17) | 2.66 | 0.58 | 2.34 | 0.62 | 0.088 | 0.025 |
No (n = 117) | 2.01 | 0.57 | 1.97 | 0.62 | 0.496 | |
Antisocial | ||||||
Yes (n = 43) | 2.17 | 0.60 | 2.14 | 0.65 | 0.728 | 0.136 |
No (n = 91) | 2.06 | 0.61 | 1.96 | 0.62 | 0.161 | |
Borderline | ||||||
Yes (n = 43) | 2.45 | 0.58 | 2.26 | 0.61 | 0.110 | 0.002 |
No (n = 91) | 1.92 | 0.55 | 1.90 | 0.62 | 0.699 | |
Histrionic | ||||||
Yes (n = 17) | 2.14 | 0.61 | 2.04 | 0.83 | 0.533 | 0.849 |
No (n = 117) | 2.09 | 0.61 | 2.01 | 0.60 | 0.238 | |
Narcissistic | ||||||
Yes (n = 19) | 2.14 | 0.60 | 2.21 | 0.76 | 0.653 | 0.161 |
No (n = 115) | 2.08 | 0.61 | 1.99 | 0.61 | 0.117 | |
Avoidant | ||||||
Yes (n = 52) | 2.45 | 0.57 | 2.28 | 0.58 | 0.098 | < 0.001 |
No (n = 82) | 1.87 | 0.52 | 1.85 | 0.61 | 0.802 | |
Dependent | ||||||
Yes (n = 24) | 2.43 | 0.62 | 2.19 | 0.69 | 0.051 | 0.129 |
No (n = 110) | 2.02 | 0.58 | 1.98 | 0.62 | 0.529 | |
Compulsive | ||||||
Yes (n = 8) | 2.34 | 0.86 | 2.19 | 0.77 | 0.544 | 0.420 |
No (n = 126) | 2.08 | 0.59 | 2.01 | 0.63 | 0.226 | |
Passive-aggressive | ||||||
Yes (n = 54) | 2.32 | 0.57 | 2.28 | 0.60 | 0.594 | < 0.001 |
No (n = 80) | 1.94 | 0.59 | 1.84 | 0.60 | 0.207 | |
Self-defeating | ||||||
Yes (n = 36) | 2.59 | 0.59 | 2.33 | 0.62 | 0.045 | < 0.001 |
No (n = 98) | 1.91 | 0.51 | 1.90 | 0.60 | 0.886 | |
Aggressive-sadistic | ||||||
Yes (n = 33) | 2.22 | 0.54 | 2.23 | 0.59 | 0.291 | 0.029 |
No (n = 101) | 2.05 | 0.62 | 1.95 | 0.64 | 0.558 | |
Number of Axis II disorders | ||||||
0 (n = 36) | 1.76 | 0.51 | 1.79 | 0.52 | 0.733 | < 0.001c
|
1–3 (n = 47) | 1.99 | 0.52 | 1.82 | 0.64 | 0.083 | |
4 + (n = 51) | 2.43 | 0.59 | 2.36 | 0.56 | 0.485 |
B | SE | Standardizert B | Adjusted R2
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 | 0.13 | |||
Number of Axis I disorders | 0.090 | 0.019 | 0.374*** | |
Block 2 | 0.19 | |||
Number of Axis I disorders | 0.063 | 0.021 | 0.260** | |
Number of Axis II disorders | 0.068 | 0.021 | 0.282** | |
Block 3 | 0.24 | |||
Number of Axis I disorders | 0.066 | 0.021 | 0. 274** | |
Number of Axis II disorders | 0.066 | 0.021 | 0.273** | |
Sex (male = 1) | 0.079 | 0.111 | 0.057 | |
Age | -0.004 | 0.005 | -0.062 | |
Main substance of abuse (alcohol = 1) | 0.349 | 0.122 | 0.274** | |
Onset SUD (below 18 years = 1) | 0.300 | 0.118 | 0.236* | |
Block 4 | 0.33 | |||
Number of Axis I disorders | 0.049 | 0.020 | 0.203* | |
Number of Axis II disorders | 0.068 | 0.019 | 0.280** | |
Sex (male = 1) | 0.054 | 0.105 | 0.039 | |
Age | 0. 000 | 0.005 | -0. 007 | |
Main substance of abuse (alcohol = 1) | 0.288 | 0.116 | 0.226* | |
Onset of SUD (below 18 years = 1) | 0.238 | 0.113 | 0.187* | |
Use of substances at T2 ("relapser" = 1) | 0.431 | 0.104 | 0.312*** |