Background
Methods
Survey Sites and Sample Selection
Research Instruments and Data Entry
Measurements and Data Analysis
Results
General Characteristics of Abductees
All | Not Abducted | Abducted | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 2,867 | 1,921 | 946 | |
(100%) | (67%) | (33%) | ||
Gender (women) | 1,417 | 1,007 | 410 | |
(49.5%) | (52.4%) | (43.4%) | ||
Mean Age | 35.4 | 35.42 | 35.26 | |
(S.D.) | (14.35) | (14.75 | (13.51) | |
Mean Age at Abduction | - | - | 25.84 | |
(S.D.) | - | - | (13.57) | |
Mean Income, Ugandan Shillings (S.D.) | 33,426 | 35,804 | 28,701 | |
(166,885) | (199,492 | (60,874) | ||
Ethnicity
| Acholi | 1,385 | 706 | 679 |
(48.3%) | (36.7%) | (71.8%) | ||
Langi | 712 | 633 | 79 | |
(24.8%) | (32.9%) | (8.4%) | ||
Teso | 724 | 540 | 184 | |
(25.2%) | (28.1%) | (19.5%) | ||
Other | 47 | 43 | 4 | |
(1.6%) | (2.2%) | (0.4%) | ||
Marital Status
| Single | 373 | 265 | 108 |
(13.0%) | (13.8%) | (11.4%) | ||
Married | 2,070 | 1,391 | 679 | |
(72.2%) | (72.4%) | (71.8%) | ||
Partner | 77 | 43 | 34 | |
(2.7%) | (2.2%) | (3.6%) | ||
Divorced | 130 | 78 | 52 | |
(4.5%) | (4.1%) | (5.5%) | ||
Widowed | 217 | 144 | 73 | |
(7.6%) | (7.5%) | (7.7%) | ||
Religion
| Catholic | 1,771 | 1,108 | 663 |
(61.9%) | (57.8%) | (70.2%) | ||
Protestant | 802 | 580 | 222 | |
(28.0%) | (30.2%) | (23.5%) | ||
Born Again | 227 | 177 | 50 | |
(7.9%) | (9.2%) | (5.3%) | ||
Other | 63 | 53 | 10 | |
(2.2%) | (2.8%) | (1.1%) | ||
Education
| No schooling | 698 | 473 | 225 |
(24.3%) | (24.6%) | (23.8%) | ||
Some primary | 1,073 | 691 | 382 | |
(37.4%) | (36.0%) | (40.4%) | ||
Completed primary | 459 | 314 | 145 | |
(16.0%) | (16.3%) | (15.3%) | ||
Higher than primary | 638 | 444 | 194 | |
(22.2%) | (23.1%) | (20.5%) |
Exposure to Traumatic Events and War Crimes
Direct Violent Exposure | |||
---|---|---|---|
All | Not Abducted | Abducted | |
Was displaced | 2,450 | 1,546 | 904 |
(85.4%) | (80.4%) | (95.6%) | |
Lost income due to conflict | 2,441 | 1,562 | 879 |
(85.1%) | (81.3%) | (92.9%) | |
House destroyed | 2,412 | 1,505 | 907 |
(84.1%) | (78.3%) | (95.9%) | |
Lost productive assets | 2,387 | 1,490 | 897 |
(83.2%) | (77.5%) | (94.8%) | |
Was beaten by the LRA | 587 | 57 | 540 |
(20.8%) | (3.0%) | (57.1%) | |
Was maimed by the LRA | 173 | 23 | 150 |
(6.0%) | (1.2%) | (15.9%) | |
Was sexually violated | 61 | 22 | 39 |
(2.1%) | (1.1%) | (4.1%) | |
Problem with UPDF | 645 | 369 | 276 |
(22.5%) | (19.2%) | (29.2%) | |
Forced by LRA to walk long distances | 833 | 89 | 744 |
(29.0%) | (4.6%) | (78.6%) | |
Forced by LRA to carry loads | 727 | 26 | 701 |
(25.30%) | (1.4%) | (74.1%) | |
Mean Cumulative General Exposure (S.D.)*
| 4.94 | 4.16 | 6.61 |
(2.00) | (1.79) | (1.28) | |
Exposure as Witness
| |||
Witnessed an attack by LRA | 1,988 | 1,114 | 874 |
(69.3%) | (58.0%) | (92.4%) | |
Witnessed LRA/UPDF fight | 1,259 | 653 | 606 |
(43.9%) | (34.0%) | (64.1%) | |
Witnessed an abduction | 1,812 | 935 | 877 |
(63.2%) | (48.6%) | (92.7%) | |
Witnessed s.o. beaten by LRA | 1,531 | 718 | 813 |
(53.4%) | (37.4%) | (85.9%) | |
Witnessed s.o. beaten by UPDF | 1,187 | 662 | 525 |
(41.4%) | (34.4%) | (55.5%) | |
Witnessed s.o. killed by the LRA | 931 | 406 | 525 |
(32.5%) | (21.1%) | (55.5%) | |
Witnessed HH member killed by LRA | 709 | 307 | 402 |
(24.7%) | (16.0%) | (42.5%) | |
Witnessed s.o. sexually violated by LRA | 249 | 84 | 165 |
(8.7%) | (4.4%) | (17.4%) | |
Witnessed s.o. sexually violated by other | 243 | 111 | 132 |
(8.5%) | (5.8%) | (14.0%) | |
Mean Cumulative Witness Exposure (S.D.)*
| 3 | 2.47 | 5.19 |
(2.57) | (2.43) | (1.86) | |
Secondary Exposure
| |||
At least 1 family member killed | 2,115 | 1,272 | 843 |
(73.7%) | (66.2%) | (89.1%) | |
Spouse/Partner killed | 88 | 53 | 35 |
(3.1%) | (2.8%) | (3.7%) | |
Mother killed | 141 | 73 | 68 |
(4.9%) | (3.8%) | (7.2%) | |
Father killed | 304 | 159 | 145 |
(10.6%) | (8.3%) | (15.3%) | |
Brother killed | 870 | 466 | 404 |
(30.3%) | (24.2%) | (42.7%) | |
Sister killed | 257 | 132 | 125 |
(9.0%) | (6.9%) | (13.2%) | |
Son killed | 226 | 132 | 94 |
(7.9%) | (6.9%) | (9.9%) | |
Daughter killed | 72 | 41 | 31 |
(2.5%) | (2.1%) | (3.3%) | |
Grandmother killed | 74 | 48 | 26 |
(2.6%) | (2.5%) | (2.7%) | |
Grandfather killed | 117 | 83 | 34 |
(4.1%) | (4.3%) | (3.6%) | |
Family member was abducted | 1,106 | 582 | 524 |
(38.6%) | (30.3%) | (55.6%) | |
Mean Cumulative Secondary Exposure (S.D.)
| 1.15 | 0.93 | 1.61 |
(1.10) | (1.04) | (1.10) | |
Forced Acts of Violence During Captivity by the LRA
| |||
Forced to loot | NA | NA | 353 |
(37.2%) | |||
Forced to beat or injure someone | NA | NA | 167 |
(17.6%) | |||
Forced to kill someone | NA | NA | 76 |
(7.6%) | |||
Mean Cumulative Forced Acts of Violence (S.D.)
| NA | NA | 0.62 |
(0.92) |
Returning home
Abducted | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 1 day | 1–7 days | 8 days – < 1 month | 1 – < 6 months | > 6 months | |
Means of Return | |||||
Released by LRA | 282 | 63 | 22 | 11 | 6 |
(67.0%) | (32.0%) | (18.3%) | (11.2%) | (6.3%) | |
Escaped | 111 | 112 | 80 | 79 | 74 |
(26.4%) | (56.9%) | (66.7%) | (80.6%) | (77.9%) | |
Rescued by UPDF | 26 | 22 | 17 | 8 | 14 |
(6.2%) | (11.2%) | (14.2%) | (8.2%) | (14.7%) | |
Other | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
(0.5%) | (0.0%) | (0.8%) | (0.0%) | (1.1%) | |
Went through Reception center
| 8 | 22 | 21 | 28 | 47 |
(1.9%) | (11.0%) | (17.2%) | (27.7%) | (48.5%) | |
Helped return in community | 2 | 20 | 20 | 23 | 46 |
(25.0%) | (90.9%) | (95.2%) | (82.1%) | (97.9%) | |
Was visited by center's staff after return | 1 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 23 |
(12.5%) | (45.5%) | (66.7%) | (46.4%) | (48.9%) | |
Had Problem Returning Home
| 104 | 74 | 67 | 60 | 66 |
(24.4%) | (37.0%) | (54.9%) | (59.4%) | (68.0%) | |
Type of Problems
| |||||
Stigmatization | 4 | 34 | 7 | 10 | 12 |
(4.0%) | (4.20%) | (11.30%) | (16.7%) | (18.2%) | |
"Mentally do not feel well" | 10 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 7 |
(9.9%) | (11.3%) | (12.9%) | (8.3%) | (10.6%) | |
Problem with adjusting to life outside the bush | 8 | 3 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
(7.9%) | (4.2%) | (14.5%) | (16.7%) | (16.7%) | |
Difficulty with school, work | 9 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 13 |
(8.9%) | (9.9%) | (6.5%) | (11.7%) | (19.7%) | |
Relation problems, family | 9 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 6 |
(8.9%) | (12.7%) | (14.5%) | (10.0%) | (9.1%) | |
Relations problems, friends/neighbors | 6 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 3 |
(5.9%) | (4.2%) | (12.9%) | (6.7%) | (4.5%) | |
Health, injury | 18 | 26 | 8 | 9 | 7 |
(17.8%) | (36.6%) | (12.9%) | (15.0%) | (10.6%) | |
Loss of property/goods | 17 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 2 |
(16.8%) | (11.3%) | (9.7%) | (8.3%) | (3.0%) | |
Other | 20 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
(19.8%) | (5.6%) | (4.8%) | (6.7%) | (7.6%) |
Symptoms of PTSD and Depression Among Former Abductees
Not Abducted | Abducted | Abducted | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 1 day | 1–7 days | 8 days – < 1 month | 1 – < 6 months | >6 months | |||
Symptoms of Depression | |||||||
Total | 481 | 373 | 160 | 77 | 55 | 36 | 45 |
(25.9%) | (40.4%) | (38.6%) | (39.5%) | (47.0%) | (35.3%) | (47.4%) | |
Men | 125 | 146 | 38 | 34 | 29 | 17 | 28 |
(14.0%) | (27.8%) | (20.0%) | (28.8%) | (35.8%) | (24.6%) | (41.2%) | |
Women | 355 | 227 | 122 | 43 | 26 | 19 | 17 |
(36.8%) | (57.3%) | (54.7%) | (55.8%) | (72.2%) | (57.6%) | (63.0%) | |
Total Symptoms for PTSD
| |||||||
Total | 938 | 613 | 259 | 126 | 83 | 70 | 75 |
(50.6%) | (67.1%) | (62.7%) | (65.3%) | (72.8%) | (70.7%) | (79.8%) | |
Men | 306 | 274 | 73 | 57 | 51 | 42 | 51 |
(34.6%) | (52.6%) | (38.8%) | (48.7%) | (63.8%) | (61.8%) | (75.0%) | |
Women | 630 | 338 | 185 | 69 | 32 | 28 | 24 |
(65.2%) | (86.4%) | (82.6%) | (90.8%) | (94.1%) | (90.3%) | (92.3%) | |
Cluster: Reexperiencing | 1,351 | 763 | 334 | 161 | 108 | 79 | 81 |
(71.3%) | (81.5%) | (79.0%) | (82.6%) | (90.0%) | (78.2%) | (83.5%) | |
Cluster: Avoidance/numbing | 861 | 563 | 233 | 118 | 77 | 62 | 73 |
(45.5%) | (60.4%) | (55.3%) | (59.6%) | (65.3%) | (61.4%) | (77.7%) | |
Cluster: Hyperarousal | 1,079 | 676 | 299 | 141 | 87 | 75 | 74 |
(56.8%) | (72.5%) | (71.0%) | (71.6%) | (73.7%) | (74.3%) | (77.1%) | |
Relationship with family and community, Mean (S.D.)
| 12.01 | 12.26 | 12.4 | 12.26 | 12.04 | 12.03 | 12.08 |
(2.01) | (1.88) | (1.78) | (1.74) | (1.94) | (2.09) | (2.19) |
Symptoms of PTSD | Symptoms of Depression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variables | Adjusted OR | p-value | Adjusted OR | p-value |
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
Gender | ||||
Female/Male | 8.84 (6.07, 12.88) | < 0.001 | 2.11 (1.22, 3.63) | 0.007 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Acholi/Iteso | 3.05 (1.59, 5.87) | 0.001 | NS | NS |
Langi/Iteso | 2.15 (1.05, 4.41) | 0.038 | NS | NS |
Acholi/Langi | 1.42 (0.94, 2.16) | 0.098 | NS | NS |
Acholi/Others | 0.55 (0.65, 4.60) | 0.578 | NS | NS |
Relationship with Family and Community | NS | NS | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 0.007 |
Reported Problem Coming Home | 2.97 (2.09, 4.24) | < 0.001 | 2.24 (1.63, 3.08) | < 0.001 |
Cumulative General Traumatic Exposure | NS | NS | 1.18 (1.03, 1.33) | < 0.001 |
Cumulative Exposure as Witness | 1.21 (1.10, 1.32) | < 0.001 | NS | NS |
Cumulative Forced Act of Violence | 1.43 (1.18, 1.74) | < 0.001 | 2.24 (1.63, 3.08) | <0.001 |
Male* Age of Abduction | NS | NS | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.001 |
Female*Age of Abduction | NS | NS | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.035 |