Background
Methods
Study area and population
Study design and procedures
Data collection
Data management and analysis
Ethical consideration
Results
Description of the study subjects
Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths
Soil-transmitted helminths
| Children (N = 905) No (%) | Mothers (N = 908) No (%) |
---|---|---|
Hookworms
| 21 (2.3) | 328 (36.1) |
Ascaris lumbricoides
| 13 (1.5) | 80 (8.8) |
Trichuris trichiura
| 4 (0.4) | 30 (3.3) |
Strongyloides stercoralis
| 10 (1.1) | 29 (3.2) |
Any soil-transmitted helminth infection
|
44 (4.9)
|
395 (43.5)
|
Prevalence of single infection
| 40 (4.4) | 329 (36.2) |
Prevalence of double infection
| 4 (0.4) | 60 (6.6) |
Prevalence of triple infection
| 0 (0) | 6 (0.7) |
Univariate risk factor analysis for STH infection in mothers
Demographic variables | N (%) | Soil-transmitted helminths in the mother (N = 908) | Soil-transmitted helminths in the child (N = 905) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%)
|
Crude OR (95%CI)
|
P-value
|
n (%)
|
Crude OR (95%CI)
|
P-value
| ||
Male gender
| 460 (50.7) | - | - | - | 18 (3.9) | 0.66 (0.36, 1.23) | 0.190 |
Urban residence
| 118 (13.0) | 37 (31.4) | 0.48 (0.32,0.73) | 0.001 | 10 (8.6) | 2.07 (1.00, 4.32) | 0.052 |
Mother's Age
| 0.949 | 0.442 | |||||
15-24 | 351 (38.7) | 155 (44.2) | 1 | 0.759$
| 21 (6.0) | 1 | 0.224$
|
25-34 | 424 (46.7) | 183 (43.2) | 0.96 (0.72,1.28) | 18 (4.3) | 0.70 (0.37, 1.33) | ||
35-44 | 133 (14.7) | 57 (42.9) | 0.95 (0.63,1.42) | 5 (3.8) | 0.61 (0.23, 1.66) | ||
Ethnicity
| 0.280 | 0.550 | |||||
Meskan | 429 (47.3) | 183 (42.7) | 1 | 21 (4.9) | 1 | ||
Mareko | 118 (13.0) | 57 (48.3) | 1.26 (0.83,1.89) | 8 (6.8) | 1.41 (0.61, 3.27) | ||
Silti | 211 (23.2) | 98 (46.5) | 1.17 (0.84,1.62) | 7 (3.3) | 0.67 (0.28, 1.60) | ||
Others* | 150 (16.5) | 57 (38.0) | 0.82 (0.56,1.21) | 8 (5.4) | 1.10 (0.48, 2.54) | ||
Mother's Education
| 0.138 | 0.124 | |||||
No education | 639 (70.2) | 290 (45.4) | 1 | 0.051$
| 32 (5.0) | 1 | 0.830$
|
Read write£
| 86 (9.5) | 37 (43.0) | 0.91 (0.58, 1.43) | 1 (1.2) | 0.22 (0.03, 1.65) | ||
Formal education | 183 (20.2) | 68 (37.2) | 0.71 (0.51, 1.00) | 11 (6.0) | 1.22 (0.60, 2.46) | ||
Mother's Occupation
| 0.428 | 0.700 | |||||
House wife | 762 (83.9) | 338 (44.4) | 1 | 38(5.0) | 1 | ||
Trade related | 104 (11.5) | 42 (40.4) | 0.85 (0.56,1.29) | 5 (4.9) | 0.97 (0.37,2.52) | ||
Others♀
| 42 (4.6) | 15 (35.7) | 0.70 (0.36, 1.33) | 1 (2.4) | 0.46 (0.06, 3.46) | ||
Home ownership
| 822 (90.5) | 367 (44.7) | 1.67 (1.04, 2.68) | 0.033 | 37 (4.5) | 0.53 (0.23, 1.24) | 0.143 |
TV/Radio ownership
| 466 (51.4) | 197 (42.3) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.18) | 0.467 | 27 (5.8) | 1.52 (0.82, 2.84) | 0.184 |
Risk factor | Soil-transmitted helminths in the mother (N = 908) | Soil-transmitted helminths in the child (N = 905) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N(%) |
n(%)
|
Crude OR (95%CI)
|
P-value
|
n(%)
|
Crude OR (95%CI)
|
P-value
| |
Living in thatched house vs. corrugated sheet
| 697 (76.8) | 322 (46.2) | 1.62 (1.18,2.24) | 0.003 | 28 (4.0) | 0.51 (0.27,0.96) | 0.037 |
Toilet use vs. open field§
| 564 (62.1) | 234 (41.5) | 0.81 (0.62,1.06) | 0.080 | 32 (5.7) | 1.66 (0.84,3.26) | 0.144 |
Main water source
| 0.188 | <0.001 | |||||
Inside pipe§
| 54 (6.0) | 17 (31.5) | 1 | 10 (18.5) | 1 | ||
Outside pipe∧
| 577 (64.0) | 262 (45.4) | 1.81 (1.00, 3.29) | 26 (4.5) | 0.21 (0.09, 0.46) | ||
Well/stream/rain | 118(13.1) | 47 (39.8) | 1.44 (0.73, 2.85) | 5 (4.3) | 0.20 (0.06, 0.61) | ||
River | 153 (17.0) | 66 (43.1) | 1.65 (0.86, 3.19) | 3 (2.0) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.33) | ||
Animal spend the night inside
| 573 (63.2) | 250 (43.6) | 1.02 (0.78,1.34) | 0.880 | 22 (3.9) | 0.57 (0.31,1.04) | 0.068 |
Cooking inside the main house
| 729 (80.8) | 334 (45.8) | 1.68 (1.18,2.37) | 0.003 | 29 (4.0) | 0.43(0.23,0.83) | 0.012 |
Soap use
| 0.008 | 0.299 | |||||
Daily | 321 (35.4) | 118 (36.8) | 1 | 0.003♀
| 19 (5.9) | 1 | 0.576♀
|
At least once a wk | 532 (58.6) | 249 (46.8) | 1.51 (1.14, 2.01) | 21 (4.0) | 0.65 (0.35, 1.23) | ||
Less frequent than once a week | 55 (6.1) | 28 (50.9) | 1.78 (1.00, 3.17) | 4 (7.4) | 1.27 (0.41, 3.88) | ||
Household waste disposal(N = 904)
| 0.013 | 0.996 | |||||
Buried/Burned | 190 (21.0) | 65 (34.2) | 1 | 9 (4.8) | 1 | ||
Open field | 248 (27.3) | 115 (46.4) | 1.66 (1.23,2.46) | 12 (4.8) | 1.02 (0.42,2.47) | ||
Used as fertilizers | 469 (51.7) | 215 (45.8) | 1.63 (1.15,2.31) | 23 (4.9) | 1.04 (0.47,2.28) | ||
Maternal helminth infection
| 395 (43.5) | - | - | - | 22 (5.6) | 1.32 (0.72,2.42) | 0.368 |
Univariate risk factor analysis for STH infection in children
Risk factors independently associated with STH in mothers
Outcome variable | Risk factor | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal infection | Soap use | 0.055 | ||
Daily | 1 | Trend = 0.018 | ||
At least once a week | 1.40 | 1.04, 1.88 | ||
Less frequent than once a week | 1.66 | 0.92, 2.99 | ||
Urban residence* | 0.45 | 0.28, 0.73 | 0.001 | |
Domestic animals living together | 0.73 | 0.53, 1.01 | 0.055 | |
Age of the mother* | 0.964 | |||
15-24 | 1 | Trend = 0.789 | ||
25-34 | 0.97 | 0.72, 1.29 | ||
35-44 | 0.95 | 0.63, 1.44 | ||
Child infection | Water source | 0.002 | ||
Inside pipe | 1 | |||
Outside pipe | 0.21 | 0.09, 0.51 | ||
Well/stream/rainwater | 0.20 | 0.56, 0.69 | ||
River | 0.09 | 0.02, 0.38 | ||
Urban residence* | 1.03 | 0.43, 2.45 | 0.954 | |
Male gender* | 0.67 | 0.36, 1.26 | 0.216 |