Background
Methods
Study Population of the Parent Study
Study Population of the Ancillary Study
Characteristics | |
---|---|
Socio-demographic Characteristics | |
Age (years) | 59.5 ± 6.7 |
Sex | |
Male | 501 (41.1) |
Education (years)†
| |
16+ | 192 (16.2) |
13 - 16 | 389 (32.7) |
≤ 12 | 607 (51.1) |
Race | |
Black | 327 (26.8) |
White | 795 (65.2) |
Other | 97 (8.0) |
Income ‡
| |
< $20,000 | 79 (7.5) |
$20,000-$40,000 | 184 (17.6) |
$40,000-$60,000 | 216 (20.7) |
$60,000-$80,000 | 185 (17.7) |
≥ $80,000 | 382 (36.5) |
Body mass index [BMI, kg/m2] | 36.1 ± 5.7 |
Overweight [20-29.9] | 163 (13.4) |
Obese [30-34.9] | 780(64.0) |
Extreme Obesity[≥ 35] | 276 (22.6) |
Neighborhood Census Tract Indicators
| |
Percent Below Poverty [Range = 0, 0.67] | 0.11 ± 0.10 |
Cubbin Deprivation Score [Range = -2.9, 2.8] | 0.001 ± 0.78 |
Diez-Roux Deprivation Score [Range = -18.7, 12.0] | 0.010 ± 5.0 |
Food Stores [Range = 0, 9] | 1.3 ± 1.5 |
Convenience Stores [Range = 0, 4] | 0.6 ± 0.8 |
Restaurants [Range = 0, 104] | 6.8 ± 10.8 |
Other Food Stores [Range = 0, 9] | 2.0 ± 2.8 |
Other Food Service [Range = 0, 9] | 2.6 ± 3.2 |
Dietary Intake (daily)
| |
Total Fat (%) ξ
| |
≥ 35 | 465 (73.9) |
< 35 | 164 (26.1) |
Saturated Fat (%) ξ
| |
≥ 10 | 519 (82.5) |
< 10 | 110 (17.5) |
Fruit & Vegetable (servings) ξ
| |
< 9 | 584 (92.8) |
≥ 9 | 45 (7.2) |
Eating Patterns
| |
Eat breakfast (days/week)§
| |
7 vs < 7 | 839 (69.1) |
Eat breakfast at a fast food restaurant€
| |
≥1 vs. 0 | 237 (27.7) |
Eat breakfast at non-fast food restaurantψ
| |
≥1 vs 0 | 335(27.7) |
Eat lunch (days/week)¥
| |
7 vs < 7 | 827 (68.1) |
Each lunch at a fast food restaurantχ
| |
≥1 vs 0 | 440 (36.4) |
Eat lunch at a non-fast food restaurantχ
| |
≥1 vs 0 | 618 (51.2) |
Eat dinner (days/week)¢
| |
7 vs < 7 | 1081 (89.2) |
Eat dinner at a fast food restaurantχ
| |
≥1 vs 0 | 285 (23.6) |
Eat dinner at a non-fast foodτ
| |
≥1 vs 0 | 876 (72.5) |
Weight Loss
| |
Attempting weight loss§
| |
Yes | 1161 (95.6) |
Participation in weight loss program ¥
| |
Yes | 748 (61.6) |
Weight Loss Control Practices (yes/no)
| |
Food
| |
Count fat grams¥
| 194 (16.0) |
Cut out between meal snacking τ
| 428 (35.4) |
Eat less high carbohydrate foods€
| 713 (58.9) |
Reduce the number of calories eatenά
| 661 (54.5) |
Record what you eat daily γ
| 442 (36.4) |
Decrease fat intake τ
| 636 (52.6) |
Eat meal replacements | 193 (15.9) |
Cut out sweets and junk food from diet | 763 (63.0) |
Increase fruit and vegetables | 789 (65.3) |
Fast or go without the food entirelyά
| 74 (6.1) |
Count caloriesά
| 193 (15.9) |
Eat special low calorie diet foods | 256 (21.2) |
Drink fewer alcoholic beverages | 222 (18.5) |
Eat less meat€
| 430 (35.5) |
Weight control food outcome summary score [0-13] | 4.92 ± 3.06 |
Physical Activity
| |
Keep a graph of exercise¥
| 87 (7.2) |
Increase your exercise levelsά
| 671 (55.3) |
Use home exercise equipment§
| 374 (30.8) |
Record exercise daily¥
| 149 (12.3) |
Weight control physical activity outcome summary score [0-4] | 1.05 ± 0.99 |
Weight Control
| |
Keep graph of weight§
| 82 (6.8) |
Go to a weight loss group§
| 173 (14.2) |
Take diet pills§
| 55 (4.5) |
Other weight control activities | 111 (13.1) |
Smoke cigarettes§
| 51 (4.2) |
Weight control weight loss summary score [0-4] | 0.38 ± 0.64 |
Resource Use (yes/no)
| |
Food
| |
Food preparation equipment purchased in the past year§
|
621 (51.1)
|
Physical Activity
| |
Positive feeling about exercise₫ | 765 (63.9) |
Indoor exercise purchases in the past year γ
| 411 (33.8) |
Outdoor exercise purchases in the past year γ
| 103 (8.5) |
Gym membership purchase in the past year ή
| 265 (21.7) |
Resource use physical activity outcomes summary score | 1.27 ± 0.96 |
Weight Control
| |
Class membership/services for weight loss purchases in the past year§
| 398 (32.8) |
Joined a weight loss program in the past yearά
| 161 (13.3) |
Resource use weight control outcomes summary score | 0.46 ± 0.61 |
Main Data Sources
Key Independent Variables
Key Dependent Variables
Statistical Analysis
Results
Selected Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants
Association between Neighborhood and Eating Patterns
Neighborhood Indicator | Eat breakfast (days/week) | Eat breakfast at a fast food restaurant (days/week) | Eat breakfast at restaurants that are not fast food restaurants (days/week) | Eat lunch (days/week) | Eat lunch at a fast food restaurant (days/week) | Eat lunch at restaurants that are not fast food restaurants (days/week) | Eat dinner (days/week) | Eat dinner at a fast food restaurant (days/week) | Eat dinner at restaurants that are not fast food restaurants (days/week) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Below Poverty (%)†
| 2 | 1.22 (0.98, 1.53) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.28) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.79, 1.24) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.27) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) | 0.92 (0.71, 1.49) | 1.17 (0.88, 1.54) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) |
3 | 1.12 (0.88, 1.45) | 1.11 (0.79, 1.55) | 1.08 (0.83, 1.40) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.48) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.20) | 1.25 (0.77, 2.03) | 1.13 (0.84, 1.53) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.10) | |
Food Stores | ≥1 vs <1 | 1.02 (0.85, 1.23) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.26) | 1.20 (0.99, 1.44) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.09) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.11) | 1.07 (0.73, 1.56) | 1.06 (0.84, 1.33) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.02) |
Convenience Stores | ≥1 vs <1 | 0.99 (0.82, 1.18) |
1.38
(1.08, 1.77)
| 1.15 (0.93, 1.63) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.17) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.24) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.11) | 1.29 (0.90, 1.84) | 1.06 (0.86, 1.32) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) |
Restaurants†
| 2 | 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) | 0.94 (0.69, 1.30) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.43) |
1.24
(1.00, 1.53)
| 0.94 (0.29, 1.30) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 0.99 (0.62, 1.58) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.06) |
3 | 1.15 (0.94, 1.42) | 1.27 (0.95, 1.70) |
1.28
(1.01, 1.62)
|
1.24
(1.00, 1.53)
| 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) |
1.19
(1.04, 1.36)
|
1.61
(1.06, 2.45)
| 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
Association between Neighborhood and Weight Loss Control Practices
Neighborhood Indicator | Tertile | Weight Loss (yes/no) PR (95% CI) | Past Weight Loss Program Participation (yes/no) PR 95% CI | Weight Control Food Β coefficient (95% CI) | Weight Control Physical Activity Β coefficient (95% CI) | Weight Control Β coefficient (95% CI) | BMI (kg/m2) β coefficient (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Below Poverty† (%) | 2 |
0.88
(0.80, 0.97)
| 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | -0.24 (-0.68, 0.19) | 0.01 (-0.13, 0.16) | 0.08 (-0.01, 0.18) | 0.01 (-0.86, 0.86) |
3 |
0.89
(0.81, 0.98)
| 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) | 0.17 (-0.32, 0.67) | 0.10 (-0.05, 0.25) | 0.03 (-0.08, 0.13) | 0.42 (-0.54, 1.39) | |
Food Stores | ≥1 vs <1 |
0.96
(0.94, 0.99)
| 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.29 (-0.08, 0.67) | 0.18 (0.06, 0.30) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.18) | 0.34 (-0.38, 1.07) |
Convenience Stores | ≥1 vs <1 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | -0.19 (-0.55, 0.16) | 0.01 (-0.11, 0.13) | -0.04 (-0.12, 0.03) | -0.11 (-0.82, 0.61) |
Restaurants†
| 2 |
1.11
(1.05, 1.17)
| 1.06 (0.97, 1.17) | -0.03 (-0.47, 0.40) | 0.06 (-0.08, 0.20) | 0.004 (-0.09, 0.10) | -0.16 (-1.01, 0.70) |
3 |
0.93
(0.89, 0.97)
| 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) |
0.42
(0.005, 0.84)
|
0.24
(0.09, 0.38)
| 0.07 (-0.02, 0.17) | 0.40 (-0.45, 1.26) |
Association between Neighborhood and Resource Use
Neighborhood Indicator | Tertile | Resource Use Physical Activity β coefficient (95% CI) | Resource Use Weight Control β coefficient (95% CI) | Food preparation equipment purchased in the past year (yes/no) PR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Below Poverty† (%) | 2 | -0.08 (-0.23, 0.06) | 0.05 (-0.04, 0.14) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) |
3 | 0.02 (-0.14, 0.19) | 0.04 (-0.07, 0.15) |
1.36
(1.16, 1.59)
| |
Food Stores | ≥1 vs <1 | -0.06 (-0.18, 0.07) | 0.03 (-0.04, 0.11) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.17) |
Convenience Stores | ≥1 vs <1 | -0.02 (-0.14, 0.10) | -0.04 (-0.12, 0.03) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) |
Restaurants†
| 2 | 0.06 (-0.09, 0.20) | -0.02 (-0.11, 0.07) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.25) |
3 | -0.05 (-0.19, 0.09) | 0.09 (-0.004, 0.18) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.90) |
Association between Neighborhood and Dietary Intake
Neighborhood Indicator | Tertile | Total calories (kcal) β coefficient (95% CI) | % Total Fat (35 + vs <35) | % Saturated Fat (10 + vs. <10) | Fruit & Vegetable (9 + vs <9 servings) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Below Poverty† (%) | 2 | 56.05 (-123.63, 235.73) |
0.53
(0.32, 0.87)
|
0.54
(0.30, 0.98)
| 0.84 (0.35, 2.03) |
3 | -61.63 (-255.56, 132.30) |
0.57
(0.33, 0.99)
| 0.55 (0.29, 1.06) | 1.92 (0.66, 5.61) | |
Food Stores | ≥1 vs <1 | -86.13 (-234.68, 62.42) | 1.02 (0.69, 1.53) | 1.28 (0.81, 2.00) | 1.34 (0.66, 2.73) |
Convenience Stores | ≥1 vs <1 | -0.06 (-146.58, 146.46) | 1.02 (0.69, 1.52) | 1.18 (0.76, 1.83) | 1.64 (0.79, 3.41) |
Restaurants†
| 2 | -63.54 (-236.99, 109.90) | 1.31 (0.81, 2.11) | 1.00 (0.60, 1.65) | 1.26 (0.56, 2.83) |
3 | 68.86 (-108.78, 246.49) | 1.18 (0.73, 1.91) | 1.17 (0.67, 2.03) | 1.24 (0.52, 2.94) |