Background
Methods
Subjects
Measures
Definition of LBC cases
Socio-demographic characteristics
Health-related behaviours
Nutritional status
Data analysis
Results
Participation
Socio-demographic characteristics
Total (N = 2986) | Non-LBC (N = 2445) | LBC (N = 541) | p-value (χ2 test) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (%) | 0.075 | |||
Male | 51.4 | 50.7 | 54.9 | |
Female | 48.6 | 49.3 | 45.1 | |
Age (year), Mean (SD)
| 14.2 (1.4)
| 14.3 (1.5)
| 13.7 (1.2)
| < 0.001b
|
Ethnicity (%) | 0.030 | |||
Han | 99.4 | 99.5 | 98.7 | |
Others | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.3 | |
Grade (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Year 1 of junior secondary school | 57.8 | 54.2 | 74.3 | |
Year 2 of junior secondary school | 19.5 | 20.3 | 15.7 | |
Year 1 of senior secondary school | 22.7 | 25.5 | 10.0 | |
Boarder in this term (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 12.5 | 13.7 | 6.6 | |
No | 87.5 | 86.3 | 93.4 | |
Father's education (%) | 0.786 | |||
Primary school and below | 24.7 | 24.5 | 25.9 | |
Junior secondary school | 53.0 | 53.2 | 52.0 | |
Senior secondary school and above | 22.3 | 22.3 | 22.1 | |
Father's occupation (%) | 0.008 | |||
Farmer | 31.9 | 33 | 26.5 | |
Non-farmer | 68.1 | 67 | 73.5 | |
Mother's education (%) | 0.005 | |||
Primary school and below | 56.1 | 57.2 | 51.0 | |
Junior secondary school | 34.1 | 33.7 | 35.9 | |
Senior secondary school and above | 9.8 | 9.1 | 13.2 | |
Mother's occupation (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Farmer | 47.6 | 50.2 | 35.4 | |
Non-farmer | 52.4 | 49.8 | 64.6 | |
Living with grandparents (%) | 0.608 | |||
Yes | 25.9 | 25.7 | 26.8 | |
No | 74.1 | 74.3 | 73.2 | |
House type (%) | 0.352 | |||
Single-storey house | 47.0 | 49.3 | 47.4 | |
Multi-storey house | 53.0 | 50.7 | 52.6 | |
Having computer at home (%) | 0.061 | |||
No | 68.2 | 67.4 | 72.0 | |
Yes, but not connected with internet | 12.9 | 13.0 | 12.7 | |
Yes, already connected with internet | 18.8 | 19.6 | 15.3 |
Comparison of health status and health-related behaviours between LBC and non-LBC
Males | Females | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 1536) | Non-LBC (n = 1239) | LBC (n = 297) | All (n = 1450) | Non-LBC (n = 1206) | LBC (n = 244) | |
Dietary intake (%)
| ||||||
Felt hungry most of the time or always1
| 1.5% | 1.2% | 2.8% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.6% |
Ate breakfast everyday2
| 75.1% | 76.3% | 69.4% | 73.4% | 73.8% | 71.1% |
Ate vegetables ≥3 times/day2
| 61.0% | 62.5% | 53.3% | 57.3% | 58.0% | 53.6% |
Ate fruits ≥3 times/day2
| 39.4% | 39.2% | 40.6% | 37.1% | 36.0% | 42.8% |
Ate high-fat food ≥3 times/day2
| 15.9% | 15.6% | 17.8% | 11.6% | 11.2% | 13.9% |
Ate sweetened snack ≥3 times/day2
| 23.6% | 23.2% | 25.6% | 23.1% | 22.4% | 27.1% |
Drank sweetened beverage ≥3 times/day2
| 24.3% | 24.4% | 23.9% | 11.9% | 10.9% | 17.5% |
Drank milk ≥6 days/week2
| 7.6% | 7.3% | 9.4% | 7.2% | 7.2% | 7.2% |
Physical activity & sedentary behaviours (%)
| ||||||
Physically active§ ≥4 days/week2
| 51.7% | 53.3% | 43.9% | 46.6% | 46.8% | 45.8% |
Participated in sports team(s)3
| 31.1% | 30.7% | 33.3% | 23.7% | 23.6% | 24.1% |
Watched TV ≥4 hours/day2
| 19.3% | 19.4% | 18.9% | 18.7% | 17.4% | 25.9% |
Did homework ≥4 hours/day2
| 11.5% | 12.5% | 6.1% | 19.5% | 20.1% | 16.3% |
Played electronic games ≥4 hours/day2
| 13.5% | 13.0% | 16.1% | 5.1% | 4.9% | 6.0% |
Internet use (%)
| ||||||
Used internet2
| 60.2% | 60.0% | 61.1% | 44.7% | 45.7% | 39.2% |
Used internet ≥4 hours/day2
| 9.7% | 9.5% | 10.6% | 3.9% | 3.9% | 4.2% |
Internet addiction | 8.4% | 7.7% | 11.7% | 3.2% | 3.3% | 2.4% |
Tobacco & alcohol use (%)
| ||||||
Ever smoked | 50.2% | 49.3% | 55.0% | 10.8% | 10.0% | 15.1% |
Currently smoked1
| 17.1% | 16.3% | 20.6% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 3.6% |
Ever drank alcohol | 69.7% | 69.1% | 72.8% | 42.7% | 42.9% | 41.9% |
Currently drank alcohol1
| 33.6% | 32.7% | 37.8% | 13.1% | 12.9% | 14.5% |
Binge drinking¶1
| 12.1% | 11.9% | 13.3% | 2.8% | 2.1% | 6.6% |
Reported symptoms of drunkenness3
| 22.6% | 22.4% | 23.9% | 10.2% | 10.0% | 11.4% |
Emotional and mental issues (%)
| ||||||
Felt lonely most of the time or always3
| 4.9% | 4.6% | 6.7% | 6.9% | 6.8% | 7.8% |
Felt unhappy most of the time or always3
| 13.8% | 13.7% | 14.4% | 16.8% | 16.3% | 19.3% |
Sleepless most of the time or always3
| 5.7% | 5.4% | 7.2% | 6.3% | 6.2% | 6.6% |
Felt sad or hopeless ≥2 weeks3
| 8.6% | 8.3% | 10.0% | 10.3% | 10.2% | 10.8% |
Suicide ideation3
| 6.3% | 5.4% | 11.1% | 11.0% | 10.3% | 15.1% |
Suicide plan3
| 1.3% | 1.1% | 2.2% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 4.2% |
Suicide attempt3
| 0.7% | 0.6% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 2.4% |
Ideation of leaving home3
| 14.0% | 13.1% | 18.3% | 14.1% | 13.3% | 18.7% |
Attempt of leaving home3
| 2.1% | 2.0% | 2.8% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 2.4% |
Nutritional health (%)
| ||||||
Overweight | 6.2% | 5.2% | 11.1% | 4.7% | 4.5% | 5.4% |
Obese | 1.7% | 1.6% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.2% |
Stunted | 6.2% | 5.8% | 8.3% | 4.4% | 4.5% | 3.6% |
Mean ± SD
4
|
Mean ± SD
4
|
Mean ± SD
4
|
Mean ± SD
4
|
Mean ± SD
4
|
Mean ± SD
4
| |
Height (cm)
| 160.5 ± 9.2
| 161.0 ± 9.2
| 158.3 ± 8.8
| 153.7 ± 5.3
| 153.9 ± 5.4
| 152.9 ± 5.2
|
Weight (kg)
| 47.9 ± 9.9
| 48.1 ± 9.8
| 47.1 ± 10.4
| 44.2 ± 6.8
| 44.4 ± 6.8
| 43.2 ± 6.8 |
BMI (kg/m
2
)
| 18.4 ± 2.7
| 18.4 ± 2.7
| 18.6 ± 2.9
| 18.7 ± 2.5
| 18.7 ± 2.5
| 18.5 ± 2.5
|
Males (non-LBC = ref) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ORunadj
|
(95% CI)
| p-value | ORmv
|
(95% CI)
| p-value | |
Dietary intake
| ||||||
Felt hungry most of the time or always1
| 2.35 |
(1.07-5.15)
|
0.028
| 1.31 |
(0.43-3.95)
| 0.633 |
Ate breakfast everyday2
| 0.75 |
(0.56-0.99)
|
0.044
| 0.75 |
(0.53-1.05)
|
0.096
|
Physical activity & sedentary behaviours
| ||||||
Physically active§ ≥4 days/week2
| 0.61 |
(0.47-0.78)
|
< 0.001
| 0.67 |
(0.50-0.92)
|
0.012
|
Did homework ≥4 hours/day2
| 0.66 |
(0.42-1.02)
|
0.062
| 0.67 |
(0.40-1.14)
| 0.137 |
Played electronic games ≥4 hours/day2
| 1.35 |
(0.96-1.90)
|
0.083
| 1.41 |
(0.93-2.16)
| 0.110 |
Internet use
| ||||||
Internet addiction | 1.83 |
(1.21-2.78)
|
0.004
| 1.77 |
(1.06-2.95)
|
0.029
|
Tobacco & alcohol use
| ||||||
Ever smoked | 1.20 |
(0.93-1.55)
| 0.167 | 1.39 |
(1.02-1.90)
|
0.037
|
Currently smoked1
| 1.31 |
(0.96-1.80)
|
0.093
| 1.37 |
(0.92-2.05)
| 0.118 |
Emotional and mental issues
| ||||||
Felt sad or hopeless ≥2 weeks3
| 1.89 |
(1.20-2.97)
|
0.006
| 1.17 |
(0.71-1.96)
| 0.537 |
Suicide ideation3
| 2.10 |
(0.84-5.26)
|
0.094
| 2.32 |
(1.33-4.04)
|
0.003
|
Suicide attempt3
| 1.37 |
(0.97-1.94)
|
0.072
| 0.50 |
(0.08-3.38)
| 0.480 |
Nutritional health
| ||||||
Overweight | 2.17 |
(1.39-3.37)
|
< 0.001
| 1.76 |
(0.96-3.25)
|
0.069
|
MD
unadj
4
|
MD
mv
4
| |||||
Mean Height (cm)
| -2.51 |
(-3.71-1.30)
|
< 0.001
| -0.61 |
(-1.75-0.54)
| 0.298 |
females (non-LBC = ref) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ORunadj
|
(95% CI)
| p-value | ORmv
|
(95% CI)
| p-value | |
Dietary intake
| ||||||
Ate vegetables ≥3 times/day2
|
0.76
|
(0.57-1.00)
|
0.048
|
0.79
|
(0.57-1.08)
| 0.143 |
Drank sweetened beverage ≥3 times/day2
|
1.54
|
(1.05-2.25)
|
0.028
|
1.50
|
(0.95-2.37)
|
0.082
|
Physical activity & sedentary behaviours
| ||||||
Watched TV ≥4 hours/day2
|
1.71
|
(1.24-2.36)
|
0.001
|
1.48
|
(1.01-2.17)
|
0.043
|
Internet use
| ||||||
Used internet2
|
0.74
|
(0.55-0.99)
|
0.039
|
1.05
|
(0.72-1.54)
| 0.791 |
Tobacco & alcohol use
| ||||||
Ever smoked |
1.46
|
(0.98-2.16)
|
0.060
|
1.88
|
(1.19-2.96)
|
0.007
|
Currently smoked1
|
6.07
|
(2.02-18.24)
|
0.002
|
6.58
|
(2.00-21.69)
|
0.002
|
Ever drank |
0.96
|
(0.72-1.28)
| 0.786 |
1.35
|
(0.97-1.87)
|
0.078
|
Binge drinking¶1
|
2.74
|
(1.49-5.02)
|
0.001
|
2.64
|
(1.30-5.37)
|
0.007
|
Emotional and mental issues
| ||||||
Felt unhappy most of the time or always3
|
1.52
|
(1.08-2.15)
|
0.017
|
1.80
|
(1.20-2.68)
|
0.004
|
Suicide plan3
|
1.84
|
(0.81-4.18)
| 0.140 |
2.24
|
(0.91-5.56)
|
0.081
|
Ideation of leaving home3
|
1.34
|
(0.93-1.95)
| 0.120 |
1.50
|
(0.99-2.26)
|
0.055
|
Attempt of leaving home3
|
3.96
|
(1.46-10.73)
|
0.010
|
2.92
|
(0.79-10.81)
| 0.109 |
Nutritional health
|
MD
unadj
4
|
MD
mv
4
| ||||
Mean Height (cm)
|
-1.10
|
(-1.84--0.36)
|
0.004
|
-0.29
|
(-1.10-0.51)
| 0.476 |