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Erschienen in: BMC Public Health 1/2011

Open Access 01.12.2011 | Research article

Health-related quality of life in French adolescents and adults: norms for the DUKE Health Profile

verfasst von: Cédric Baumann, Marie-Line Erpelding, Christine Perret-Guillaume, Arnaud Gautier, Stéphanie Régat, Jean-François Collin, Francis Guillemin, Serge Briançon

Erschienen in: BMC Public Health | Ausgabe 1/2011

Abstract

Background

The continual monitoring of population health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with validated instruments helps public health agencies assess, protect, and promote population health. This study aimed to determine norms for the French adolescent and adult general population for the Duke Health Profile (DUKE) questionnaire in a large representative community sample.

Methods

We randomly selected 17,733 French people aged 12 to 75 years old in 2 steps, by households and individuals, from the National Health Barometer 2005, a periodic population study by the French National Institute for Prevention and Health Education. Quality of life and other data were collected by computer-assisted telephone interview.

Results

Normative data for the French population were analyzed by age, gender and self-reported chronic disease. Globally, function scores (best HRQoL=100) for physical, mental, social, and general health, as well as perceived health and self-esteem, were 72.3 (SEM 0.2), 74.6 (0.2), 66.8 (0.1), 71.3 (0.1), 71.3 (0.3), 76.5 (0.1), respectively. Dysfunction scores (worst HRQoL=100) for anxiety, depression, pain and disability domains were 30.9 (0.1), 27.6 (0.2), 34.3 (0.3), 3.1 (0.1), respectively.

Conclusion

The French norms for adolescents and adults for the DUKE could be used as a reference for other studies assessing HRQoL, for specific illnesses, in France and for international comparisons.
Hinweise

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.​1186/​1471-2458-11-401) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Competing interests

All the authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Each author has made substantive intellectual contributions to this multicentre study:
CB: statistical analysis, writing manuscript; MLE: statistical analysis, manuscript revision; CPG: manuscript revision, AG: conception of study, manuscript revision, SR: conception of study, manuscript revision; JFC: conception of study, manuscript revision; FG: conception of study, manuscript revision and SB: conception of study manuscript revision and study supervision.
Abkürzungen
HRQoL
Health-related quality of life
DUKE
DUKE health profile questionnaire
INPES
Institut National de Prévention et d'Education pour la Santé (French National Institute for Prevention and Health Education).

Background

Quality of life (QoL) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as ''the perception that an individual has of his or her place in life, within the context of the culture and system values in which he or she lives, and in relation to the objectives, expectations, standards and concerns of this individual'' [1]. Health-related quality of life' (HRQoL) [2, 3] can be defined ''as an integrative measure of physical and emotional well-being, level of independence, social relationships and their relationship to salient features of their environment'' [1]. The conceptualization of HRQoL is both objective and subjective, so its measurement requires reference to varied and complex areas, depending on the perspective. For example, social workers will assess QoL from a different perspective than medical workers. HRQoL measurement can also be very personal because experiences, beliefs, and expectations and perceptions influence how individuals think and behave [4].
HRQoL is a multidimensional concept that relates specifically to a person's health, to the measure of its functioning, well-being and general health perception in physical, psychological, and social domains [2]. HRQoL measures are used to determine the burden of disease in economic analyses [5, 6] and have become an important target in medical care for assessing treatment outcomes in chronic disease and an important outcome criterion in randomised clinical trials, especially oncology [1]. In addition, HRQoL instruments can be used in medical practice to improve the physician-patient relationship, in health services evaluation, in research and in policy making.
Many HRQOL instruments, both generic and specific for various illnesses, have been developed to survey the various domains of life that ill health can affect [7].
Most generic instruments are for adults, such as the WHOQOL [8], the Sickness Impact Profile [9], the Nottingham Health Profile [10], the SF-36 [11], and the Duke Health Profile (DUKE) [1214]. However, whether such generic instruments are suitable for young French people is unknown. To compare the adolescent and adult quality of life, the French Committee for Health Promotion, in 1998, 2000 and in 2005 [15], used a version of the DUKE suited to assess quality of life in the 12-19 age group.
The DUKE is a cross-culturally adapted, valid and useful measure of perceived health in adolescents and adults [12]. One of the obstacles to the success of large surveys is the extensive time needed to complete them (by phone conversations or self-administered). The DUKE is a 17-item short questionnaire, self-administered or interviewer-administered, developed and validated in primary care to measure patient-reported HRQoL, or functional health status, during 1 week [13, 14] and may be more suitable than the SF-36 for older inpatients [1618]. Its feasibility and acceptability were reported to be good for patients with dementia [19]. As well, another study found the DUKE significantly better accepted than the SF-36 by young patients [20]. Finally, the DUKE allows for briefly exploring dimensions of self-perceived health such as self-esteem, anxiety and depression not proposed by other tools [21].
There is an interest in finding a simple short, self-reporting measure of HRQoL in healthy adolescents that is in the French language. The DUKE score has been used primarily for research in the clinical setting, both as a predictor of health-related outcomes and as an outcome [2224]. The original DUKE was developed in English (United States) and was validated primarily in the United States. Subsequently, the DUKE has been translated into 17 other languages and language variations such as Afrikaans, Chinese, Dutch, Dutch (Belgium), English (UK), French, French (Canada), German, Italian, Korea, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Thai and Vietnamese. It has been translated in French and used extensively by the Public Health School of Nancy (France) [12, 2529].
Medical and scientific committees need validated instruments to assess HRQoL, but general population norms are lacking, which limits their full use in research and clinical practice. Community norms of HRQoL are important because they provide a base level of HRQoL to compare illness groups or individuals' HRQoL to expected values. To our knowledge, norms for the DUKE for all countries are lacking.
We aimed to use the DUKE to determine HRQoL norms for French adolescents and adults and analyze these by gender, age and self-reported chronic disease.

Methods

Data source

Since 1992, the French National Health Barometer, a 5-year periodic study by the French National Institute for Prevention and Health Education (INPES), has surveyed behaviours, attitudes, opinions and knowledge about health (e.g., alcohol consumption, tobacco use, drug consumption, physical activity) and evolution of the health of adolescents and adults in France. The whole questionnaire includes more than 400 questions. Data for the 2005 National Health Barometer were collected between October 14, 2005 and February 12, 2005. This survey was carried out in France by use of a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) system with a sample of 30,514 people aged 12 to 75 years who spoke French. Households received a letter in advance to explain the purpose of the survey and to encourage people in the household to take part. The eligible subject within each household whose next birthday was nearest the interview day was selected to answer the questions [30]. All data collected were anonymous and self-reported. Subjects were asked to isolate themselves before the interview began. The mean duration of an interview was about 40 minutes for landline phones.
Young people (younger than 15 years) had to be accompanied by their mother or father to participate. Parents were asked to consent to their child's participation and that the child could be isolated to speak more freely.
The INPES commissioned the "EA4360 Apemac", a French research team specialised in HRQoL studies (School of Public Health, Nancy, France), to analyse the data and determine norms [15].
This population-based survey was approved by the French National Institutional Review Board (Commission Nationale Informatique et Liberté).

Sampling

Of 30,514 participants in the 2005 Health Barometer survey, 26,672 were contacted by landline phone to answer all questions of the Health Barometer, and 3,842 persons, without a landline phone, were contacted by their mobile phone to answer questions related only to tobacco, alcohol and illegal drug use because by the year 2000, more people had only a mobile phone. When the Barometer started, questioning all participants by mobile phone for more than 20 minutes was difficult (problems with the battery, attention, satellite range). So, the researchers decided to ask questions about sociodemographic characteristics and tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drug consumption only to limit the duration of the interview.
Among the 26,672 participants contacted by landline phone, 17,783 (two-thirds of the sample) were randomly selected to participate in the QoL survey by the DUKE. Among these, 17,733 responded to the DUKE. The 8,889 participants not randomized responded to another HRQoL questionnaire (WHOQOL-brief) (see figure 1).

Duke Health Profile questionnaire

HRQoL was assessed by use of a French validated version of the DUKE (Table 1), a 17-item generic self-reporting instrument, with question responses according to a 3-point Likert scale, which covers a 1-week time frame [12]. The DUKE includes 10 domains. Six domains are about health function: physical health (items 8-12), mental health (items 1, 4, 5, 13, 14), social health (items 2, 6, 7, 15, 16), general health (aggregation of physical, mental and social health measures to indicate overall well-being) (15 items), perceived health (item 3) and self-esteem (items 1, 2, 4, 6, 7), with high scores indicating better HRQoL; and 4 are about health dysfunction: anxiety (items 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14), depression (items 4, 5, 10, 12, 13), pain (item 11) and disability (item 17), with high scores indicating greater dysfunction. The DUKE is suitable for computerised telephone administration by a trained interviewer. It can be completed in a short time and has good acceptability [14, 31].
Table 1
Content of the Duke Health Profile questionnaire
Item (French version)
Dimension *
1. I like who I am
(Je me trouve bien comme je suis)
Mental health, self-esteem, anxiety
2. I am not an easy person to get along with
(Je ne suis pas quelqu'un de facile à vivre)
Social health
3. I am basically a healthy person
(Au fond, je suis bien portant)
Perceived health
4. I give up too easily
(Je me décourage trop facilement)
Mental health, self-esteem, depression
5. I have difficulty concentrating
(J'ai du mal à me concentrer)
Mental health, anxiety, depression
6. I am happy with my family relationships
(Je suis content de ma vie de famille)
Social health, self-esteem
7. I am comfortable being around people
(Je suis à l'aise avec les autres)
Social health, anxiety
8. Would you have any physical trouble or difficulty : Walking up a flight of stairs
(Vous auriez du mal à monter un étage)
Physical health
9. Would you have any physical trouble or difficulty : Running the length of a football field
(Vous auriez du mal à courir une centaine de mètres)
Physical health
10.How much trouble have you had with: sleeping.
(Vous avez eu des problèmes de sommeil)
Physical health, anxiety, depression
11. How much trouble have you had with: hurting or aching in any part of your body
(Vous avez eu des douleurs quelque part)
Physical health, pain
12. How much trouble have you had with: getting tired easily
(Vous avez eu l'impression d'être vite fatigué(e))
Physical health, anxiety, depression
13. How much trouble have you had with: feeling depressed or sad
(Vous avez été triste ou déprimé(e))
Mental health, depression
14. How much trouble have you had with: nervousness
(Vous avez été tendu(e) ou nerveux(se))
Mental health, anxiety
15. How often did you: socialize with other people (talk or visit with friends or relatives).
Vous vous êtes retrouvé(e) avec les gens de votre famille qui n'habitent pas chez vous, ou avec des copains en dehors de l'école (posée aux 12-17 ans) Vous avez rencontré des parents ou des amis au cours de conversations ou de visites (posée aux 18 ans et plus)
Social health
16. How often did you: take part in social, religious, or recreation activities (meetings, church, movies, sports, parties).
(Vous avez eu des activités de groupes ou de loisirs)
Social health
17. How often did you: stay in your home, a nursing home, or hospital because of sickness, injury, or other health problem
(Vous avez dû rester chez vous ou faire un séjour en clinique ou à l'hôpital pour raison santé)
Disability
* The general health dimension consists of all items, except items 3 and 17.

Other data collected

Like many other authors [7, 32], we considered age, gender and self-reported chronic disease to determine norms.

Statistical analysis

Questionnaires were coded and calculated according to instructions in the DUKE manual [14]. The score for each dimension is the sum of the scores for the items, standardized from 0 to 100. For the 6 health dimension scores, 100 indicates the best HRQoL, whereas for the 4 dysfunction dimension scores, 100 indicates the greatest dysfunction. Missing dimension scores were imputed if scores were missing for < 50% of items for a dimension, using the mean score of the items completed within that dimension. Scores were analysed for the whole sample and then after stratification by gender, age and self-reported chronic disease.
Norms for the DUKE for French adolescents and adults are presented as means, standard deviation (SD), standard error of the mean (SEM), median (interquartile range), minimum, maximum, and percentage of floor and ceiling effect. In this study, with lack of consensus, floor and ceiling effects were considered present if more than 10% of the respondents achieved the highest or lowest score, and strong effects if more than 30% of the respondents achieved the highest or lowest score.
Qualitative variables were compared by Student's t test, with Bonferroni correction. Interaction of gender, age groups and self-perceived chronic disease with HRQoL was analyzed by linear regression models. Only strong interactions are presented (p < 0.01).
Data and t test values were weighted by the number of eligible persons in the household and by the French population structure imputed from 1999 INSEE (National Institute for Statistic and Economic surveys) National Census data. In this way, the sample was representative of the French general population between 12 and 75 years old who speak French and have a landline phone.
Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's α, an inter-item correlation statistic ranging from 0-1, except for perceived health, pain and disability domains, which contain only one item. Higher values indicate that items on a domain are correlated and therefore the scale measures an underlying single dimension of the questionnaire. A Cronbach α of ≥ 0.5 is usually considered acceptable [33], but Nunnally recommends values of ≥ 0.7 [34].
Statistical analysis involved use of SAS v9.1 (SAS Inc., Cary, NC).

Results

Description of the sample

Table 2 shows the characteristics of the observed sample and after weighting by gender, age, geographic area and size of community. The response rate to the HRQoL survey was close to 100%. Among 17,783 randomly selected people, completed questionnaires were obtained from 17,733 subjects questioned by the CATI system. Participants of the HRQoL survey (n = 17,733) and people not randomly selected (n = 9,539) did not differ in age, gender or self-reported chronic disease. After weighting by the 1999 INSEE National Census data, 49.1% of the sample were males. Adolescents (12-17 years old) represented 10.5% of the sample, young adults (18-24 years old) 11.1% and elderly people (65-75 years old) 12%. Self-reported chronic disease prevalence was 21.7%.
Table 2
Characteristics of the sample
 
Men
Women
Total
 
n observed
% corrected*
n 1999 NCD
n observed
% corrected*
n 1999 NCD
n observed
% corrected*
n 1999 NCD
 
7425
49,1
22 828 184
10308
50,9
23501064
17733
-
46329248
Age, years
         
12-17
670
11,5
2,360,572
737
9,6
2256154
1407
10,5
4616726
18-24
638
11,9
2706126
810
10,4
2628525
1448
11,1
5334651
25-34
1400
17,8
4201394
1927
18,9
4215311
3327
18,4
8416705
35-44
1404
17,6
4246510
1919
19,6
4337674
3323
18,6
8584184
45-54
1320
18,1
4081008
1776
17,5
4110160
3096
17,8
8191168
55-64
1125
11,2
2684944
1730
12
2798797
2855
11,6
5483741
65-75
868
11,9
2284992
1409
12,2
2859393
2277
12,1
5144385
Chronic disease
         
Yes
1619
20,6
4702606
2534
22,8
5358243
4153
21,7
10053447
No
5798
79,4
18125578
7761
77,2
18142821
13559
78,3
36275801
*weighted by number of eligible persons in the household and imputed from 1999 INSEE National Census Data (1999 NCD)

Internal consistency

Internal consistency ranged from poor to good. The Cronbach α was 0.34 for social health, 0.46 for self-esteem, 0.57 for anxiety, 0.61 for depression, 0.62 for physical health, 0.63 for mental health, and 0.71 for general health. The Cronbach α for adolescents was lower than or equal to that for adults for dimensions.

Description of norms by gender, age and self-reported chronic disease

The HRQoL norms globally, by gender and by age are in Table 3. In summary, mean function scores for physical, mental, social, and general health, as well as perceived health and self-esteem, were 72.3 (SEM 0.2), 74.6 (0.2), 66.8 (0.1), 71.3 (0.1), 71.3 (0.3), 76.5 (0.1), respectively. Dysfunction scores for anxiety, depression, pain and disability were 30.9 (0.1), 27.6 (0.2), 34.3 (0.3), 3.1 (0.1), respectively. Scores for men were always higher than those for women, except for social health and disability dimensions.
Table 3
HRQoL norms* in French general population from 12 to 75 years old (n = 17,733)
 
Men
Women
Total
 
12-17
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-75
Total
12-17
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-75
Total
 
Physical health
                 
n=
670
637
1396
1403
1316
1121
863
7406
733
809
1927
1910
1770
1721
1381
10251
17657
Mean
80.7
79.3
79.0
77.6
74.0
75.9
71.1
76.8
72.9
71.3
70.1
69.2
66.1
64.8
61.3
67.9
72.3
Standard deviation
19.1
20.1
17.6
18.1
22.2
18.2
23.1
19.9
20.2
20.6
18.9
20.0
20.1
18.0
19.5
19.7
20.3
Error standard of the mean
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
Percentile 25 th
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
70.0
60.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
Median
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Percentile 75th
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
Minimum
20.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.8
0.3
1.0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.8
0.8
1.1
0.6
0.5
Ceiling effect (%)
18.0
15.6
17.1
14.4
12.8
17.0
10.1
14.9
11.2
8.4
8.7
7.7
7.0
8.1
3.9
7.8
11.3
Mental health
                 
n=
668
637
1398
1401
1311
1123
856
7394
734
809
1924
1909
1766
1718
1387
10247
17641
Mean
74.3
75.2
80.0
79.5
78.2
81.5
81.0
78.6
65.8
67.5
72.0
71.2
70.2
72.3
74.1
70.7
74.6
Standard deviation
22.7
24.6
18.4
18.3
19.6
16.6
18.6
19.6
23.5
22.1
19.3
20.4
20.1
17.1
18.8
19.9
20.2
Error standard of the mean
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
Percentile 25 th
60.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
Median
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
80.0
Percentile 75th
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
-0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.2
Ceiling effect (%)
12.2
15.4
21.6
20.5
19.7
27.4
25.2
20.3
8.6
7.6
11.0
12.4
13.0
15.3
15.8
12.1
16.2
Social health
                 
n=
669
634
1388
1387
1296
1118
841
7333
730
807
1923
1901
1756
1699
1378
10194
17527
Mean
70.3
68.1
68.7
66.4
65.7
64.9
64.4
66.9
65.7
66.7
68.6
67.0
65.5
66.7
65.7
66.7
66.8
Standard deviation
20.2
22.8
18.2
18.1
18.9
16.7
19.2
18.9
18.6
19.5
15.9
17.1
16.7
14.6
15.9
16.6
17.6
Error standard of the mean
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.1
Percentile 25 th
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
Median
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
Percentile 75th
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
Minimum
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
Ceiling effect (%)
6.0
5.1
4.7
3.5
3.8
3.5
4.0
4.3
2.8
4.7
4.7
5.4
4.6
6.1
5.2
4.9
4.6
General health
                 
n=
667
633
1384
1383
1285
1113
824
7289
725
805
1921
1883
1742
1682
1336
10094
17383
Mean
75.1
74.2
75.9
74.5
72.7
74.0
72.1
74.1
68.2
68.6
70.2
69.1
67.3
67.9
67.1
68.5
71.3
Standard deviation
14.4
16.4
13.3
13.7
14.7
12.5
14.8
14.1
15.2
15.3
13.3
14.7
14.4
12.4
13.6
14.0
14.3
Error standard of the mean
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
Percentile 25 th
70.0
66.7
70.0
66.7
63.3
66.7
63.3
66.7
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
56.7
56.7
56.7
60.0
63.3
Median
76.7
76.7
76.7
76.7
73.3
76.7
73.3
76.7
70.0
70.0
73.3
70.0
66.7
70.0
70.0
70.0
73.3
Percentile 75th
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
83.3
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
76.7
80.0
76.7
80.0
80.0
Minimum
26.7
23.3
20.0
16.7
13.3
16.7
26.7
13.3
20.0
20.0
16.7
10.0
6.7
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
-0.0
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Ceiling effect (%)
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.5
Perceived health
                 
n=
669
638
1399
1403
1317
1121
864
7411
735
810
1925
1919
1770
1728
1403
10290
17701
Mean
71.4
75.4
78.6
76.0
69.9
67.1
64.5
72.4
69.4
72.1
74.8
73.2
69.6
67.0
61.5
70.2
71.3
Standard deviation
43.5
44.5
33.5
34.0
37.0
31.5
37.5
36.8
39.3
38.9
32.4
32.4
31.3
27.1
29.5
32.3
34.3
Error standard of the mean
1.4
1.4
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.2
0.4
1.3
1.3
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.3
0.3
Percentile 25 th
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Median
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
Percentile 75th
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
13.1
11.9
8.0
8.7
11.1
11.7
13.2
10.8
14.5
13.8
11.3
10.4
10.2
12.3
13.5
11.9
11.3
Ceiling effect (%)
55.9
62.8
65.3
60.7
50.9
45.8
42.3
55.6
53.2
58.1
60.9
56.7
49.4
46.3
36.5
52.3
53.9
Self-esteem
                 
n=
669
635
1389
1387
1295
1120
838
7333
728
807
1924
1897
1754
1697
1372
10179
17512
Mean
77.1
76.2
80.2
79.4
79.3
78.7
79.3
78.8
68.2
70.6
75.7
75.2
74.8
75.6
77.2
74.4
76.5
Standard deviation
20.6
23.7
17.7
17.8
18.0
15.8
17.7
18.4
20.0
19.7
16.4
17.4
17.6
14.6
16.2
17.2
17.9
Error standard of the mean
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
Percentile 25 th
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
60.0
70.0
Median
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
Percentile 75th
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
Minimum
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
Ceiling effect (%)
15.2
16.0
20.6
20.0
19.4
19.2
20.5
18.9
5.6
7.0
13.6
14.3
14.2
15.7
18.2
13.2
16.0
Anxiety
                 
n=
669
636
1394
1395
1300
1116
845
7355
731
808
1924
1898
1756
1703
1381
10201
17556
Mean
29.2
32.1
28.3
28.3
28.5
24.4
24.5
28.0
35.9
37.4
34.1
33.5
34.1
31.6
30.0
33.7
30.9
Standard deviation
22.5
23.1
18.9
18.8
19.6
16.2
17.5
19.4
21.0
20.0
16.9
18.2
17.7
15.3
16.5
17.7
18.6
Error standard of the mean
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
Percentile 25 th
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
8.3
16.7
16.7
25.0
25.0
25.0
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
Median
25.0
33.3
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
25.0
33.3
33.3
Percentile 75th
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
33.3
33.3
41.7
50.0
50.0
50.0
41.7
50.0
41.7
41.7
50.0
41.7
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
83.3
91.7
100.0
91.7
91.7
91.7
83.3
100.0
91.7
91.7
91.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
5.6
4.3
8.0
8.0
7.5
12.7
10.5
8.0
4.4
1.5
4.0
4.1
5.2
7.8
7.4
4.9
6.4
Ceiling effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Depression
                 
n=
670
637
1398
1403
1313
1121
856
7398
736
810
1926
1915
1767
1721
1398
10273
17671
Mean
28.6
29.1
22.2
22.0
23.1
19.5
21.4
23.5
36.3
34.3
30.6
30.6
31.7
30.2
29.5
31.5
27.6
Standard deviation
24.2
24.6
19.1
18.3
20.3
16.8
19.5
20.2
23.6
22.3
19.4
20.2
20.0
17.1
18.9
19.9
20.4
Error standard of the mean
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
Percentile 25 th
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
Median
30.0
30.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
20.0
Percentile 75th
40.0
40.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
9.3
8.7
15.9
15.8
17.4
23.8
18.6
15.7
7.3
5.9
8.5
9.2
9.1
11.9
11.2
9.1
12.4
Ceiling effect (%)
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.6
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.4
0.3
Pain
                 
n=
670
638
1398
1404
1320
1124
867
7421
736
810
1927
1919
1775
1729
1406
10302
17723
Mean
22.6
25.7
26.3
29.3
35.3
33.2
39.0
30.2
29.4
32.4
33.8
36.2
41.8
45.3
47.9
38.2
34.3
Standard deviation
37.4
41.5
32.8
33.3
37.3
30.5
36.9
35.6
34.0
37.7
32.8
33.4
33.8
28.9
32.3
33.4
34.5
Error standard of the mean
1.2
1.3
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.4
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.4
0.3
Percentile 25 th
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Median
0.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Percentile 75th
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
61.1
57.4
54.5
49.7
42.5
43.9
36.3
49.2
48.9
48.4
45.9
42.0
35.4
31.9
28.8
40.1
44.6
Ceiling effect (%)
6.4
8.7
7.0
8.2
13.0
10.3
14.3
9.7
7.6
13.2
13.5
14.3
18.9
22.5
24.6
16.4
13.1
Disability
                 
n=
670
638
1399
1403
1319
1125
867
7421
737
810
1926
1919
1775
1730
1407
10304
17725
Mean
2.7
2.3
2.4
3.3
2.7
2.2
3.9
2.8
2.7
3.2
4.6
3.6
3.5
3.1
2.7
3.5
3.1
Standard deviation
15.6
15.9
13.8
16.4
15.8
12.2
19.5
15.6
14.2
14.4
17.0
16.0
15.8
12.3
12.5
14.9
15.2
Error standard of the mean
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
Percentile 25 th
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Median
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Percentile 75th
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
95.4
96.3
96.5
95.1
96.3
96.9
95.1
96.0
95.5
94.2
93.3
94.9
95.3
95.7
96.2
94.9
95.4
Ceiling effect (%)
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.3
2.8
1.5
0.9
0.6
2.4
2.2
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.7
*Weighted by number of eligible persons in the household and imputed from 1999 INSEE National Census data.
Mean disability, depression, self-esteem and mental health scores were low for men (2.8 ± 15.6, 21.4 ± 19.5, 78.8 ± 18.4, 78.6 ± 19.6, respectively), and disability, mental health, self-esteem and physical health scores were low for women (3.5 ± 14.9, 74.6 ± 20.2, 74.4 ± 17.2, 72.3 ± 20.3, respectively). The most affected dimension was social health for men (64.4 ± 19.2) and pain for women (38.31 ± 33.4).
Tables 4 and 5 provide the HRQoL norms by gender, age and self-reported chronic disease. Self-reported chronic disease was associated with a mean decrease of 12.5 points in the score for physical health, 4.6 for mental health, 2.3 for social health, 6.5 for general health, 19.3 for perceived health, and 3.2 for self-esteem and a mean increase of 4.8 points in the score for anxiety, 5.1 for depression, 18.4 for pain and 2.5 for disability (for the last 4 dimensions, the interpretation of the score is inversed). All differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001), whatever the gender and age. After adjustment for gender and age, significant interactions were found between self-reported chronic disease and age for perceived health (p < 0.0001) and depression (p < 0.0001): increase in age had a lower effect on HRQoL score in the group with a self-reported chronic disease. We also observed a significant interaction between gender and self-reported chronic disease, with greater effects for women than men in score for physical health (-14 points and -11 points, respectively, p = 0.003), general health (-7 points and -5.7 points, respectively, p = 0.002), and pain (+23.6 points and 15.9 points, respectively, p = 0.001).
Table 4
HRQoL norms* in French general population from 12 to 75 years old with self-reported chronic disease (n = 4,153)
 
Men
Women
Total
 
12-17
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-75
Total
12-17
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-75
Total
 
Physical health
                 
n=
62
44
177
222
329
375
402
1611
55
105
276
338
489
631
625
2519
4130
Mean
74.2
72.1
69.2
70.1
66.5
68.3
65.7
68.0
60.0
61.9
63.4
57.2
55.9
57.3
55.4
57.6
62.5
Standard deviation
23.7
20.8
21.4
20.2
25.2
19.6
23.7
22.4
21.8
21.7
20.1
23.5
20.4
18.2
19.6
20.3
21.7
Error standard of the mean
2.5
2.4
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.1
0.5
2.7
2.0
1.3
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.4
0.4
Percentile 25 th
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
60.0
50.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
Median
80.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
Percentile 75th
90.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
Minimum
20.0
30.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.8
1.4
0.6
1.6
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
1.8
1.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
Ceiling effect (%)
16.2
7.7
9.1
3.3
6.7
9.2
4.5
6.9
4.2
3.7
4.4
2.4
2.5
3.4
1.2
2.7
4.6
Mental health
                 
n=
62
44
178
221
329
376
401
1611
55
105
276
338
486
628
620
2508
4119
Mean
67.9
73.8
74.4
73.4
74.6
78.2
79.1
75.9
61.8
65.7
67.4
65.0
63.2
68.3
70.4
66.8
71.0
Standard deviation
26.5
23.3
21.4
19.6
20.6
17.2
18.2
19.8
24.0
24.6
21.0
23.1
21.3
17.4
19.3
20.5
20.7
Error standard of the mean
2.8
2.7
1.6
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.5
3.0
2.2
1.4
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.5
0.3
Percentile 25 th
50.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
60.0
Median
70.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
Percentile 75th
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
80.0
90.0
Minimum
20.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.1
1.6
0.7
1.0
0.9
0.6
Ceiling effect (%)
9.1
8.7
13.1
12.3
14.9
21.2
17.7
15.7
6.0
7.4
7.0
8.2
7.8
8.4
10.9
8.5
11.9
Social health
                 
n=
62
45
176
217
327
374
392
1593
55
105
276
336
486
623
617
2498
4091
Mean
67.9
69.6
69.0
65.4
64.3
64.5
63.1
65.1
66.2
64.8
68.9
63.7
63.9
65.8
64.0
65.0
65.0
Standard deviation
22.0
23.8
19.4
19.7
19.4
17.1
19.9
19.4
19.6
22.6
15.9
18.8
17.4
15.2
16.6
17.1
18.0
Error standard of the mean
2.3
2.8
1.4
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.5
2.4
2.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.3
Percentile 25 th
60.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
50.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Median
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
Percentile 75th
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
Minimum
20.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.0
0.2
2.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.2
Ceiling effect (%)
8.9
11.7
6.9
5.4
4.8
2.1
4.3
5.0
0.0
8.4
4.9
4.2
4.9
5.9
5.2
5.1
5.0
General health
                 
n=
62
44
175
216
324
374
385
1580
55
105
276
333
481
614
599
2463
4043
Mean
70.0
71.9
71.0
69.7
68.4
70.3
69.2
69.6
62.7
64.2
66.6
62.0
61.0
63.8
63.3
63.1
66.2
Standard deviation
17.7
14.5
15.3
15.0
16.0
13.0
14.5
14.8
15.7
16.5
14.0
17.3
15.1
12.6
13.6
14.5
14.9
Error standard of the mean
1.9
1.7
1.1
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.4
1.9
1.5
0.9
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.2
Percentile 25 th
60.0
66.7
63.3
60.0
56.7
63.3
60.0
60.0
53.3
53.3
56.7
50.0
50.0
53.3
53.3
53.3
56.7
Median
70.0
73.3
73.3
73.3
70.0
73.3
70.0
73.3
63.3
66.7
70.0
63.3
63.3
66.7
63.3
63.3
66.7
Percentile 75th
80.0
80.0
83.3
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
73.3
76.7
76.7
73.3
73.3
76.7
73.3
73.3
76.7
Minimum
36.7
26.7
20.0
30.0
13.3
16.7
26.7
13.3
26.7
23.3
16.7
10.0
6.7
16.7
10.0
6.7
6.7
Maximum
93.3
86.7
96.7
100.0
96.7
100.0
96.7
100.0
86.7
93.3
96.7
96.7
100.0
96.7
96.7
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Ceiling effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
Perceived health
                 
n=
62
45
178
222
330
374
403
1614
55
105
275
340
489
633
631
2528
4142
Mean
70.8
80.5
66.6
59.9
53.9
51.5
52.0
57.0
66.9
60.6
62.7
57.6
54.0
53.3
50.3
55.4
56.2
Standard deviation
40.1
34.4
34.0
39.9
38.7
32.7
36.5
37.2
39.2
43.2
34.3
35.8
33.0
27.4
28.3
32.0
34.1
Error standard of the mean
4.3
4.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
1.8
1.7
0.9
4.8
3.9
2.2
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.3
0.7
0.6
Percentile 25 th
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Median
100.0
100.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Percentile 75th
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
10.1
2.0
11.0
20.5
22.7
22.8
20.2
19.0
13.9
23.4
17.5
20.1
21.9
20.9
20.8
20.5
19.8
Ceiling effect (%)
51.6
63.0
44.2
40.4
30.4
25.8
24.3
33.1
47.6
44.5
42.8
35.4
30.0
27.6
21.4
31.3
32.2
Self-esteem
                 
n=
62
45
176
217
327
375
391
1593
55
105
276
335
483
619
612
2485
4078
Mean
71.7
77.5
77.8
74.5
77.4
76.2
77.5
76.6
66.8
68.6
73.1
70.5
70.3
72.7
73.8
71.7
74.0
Standard deviation
20.7
21.4
18.5
19.1
19.5
16.8
17.9
18.5
20.4
22.3
16.4
19.4
19.0
14.9
16.4
17.4
18.0
Error standard of the mean
2.2
2.5
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.4
2.5
2.0
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.3
Percentile 25 th
60.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
Median
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
80.0
Percentile 75th
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
Minimum
40.0
10.0
20.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
Ceiling effect (%)
6.4
12.4
17.2
14.2
17.8
14.7
15.0
15.1
2.9
10.5
10.6
7.1
10.4
11.2
13.0
10.4
12.6
Anxiety
                 
n=
62
44
177
220
328
375
395
1601
55
105
276
336
486
626
620
2504
4105
Mean
36.2
35.7
35.0
34.5
32.1
28.2
26.5
30.9
43.5
41.8
38.8
41.8
40.5
35.8
33.2
38.1
34.7
Standard deviation
25.3
22.7
19.9
20.5
20.2
17.3
17.1
19.4
21.5
20.7
17.4
19.8
17.4
15.5
16.9
17.7
18.7
Error standard of the mean
2.7
2.6
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.5
2.6
1.9
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.3
Percentile 25 th
25.0
25.0
25.0
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
33.3
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
25.0
16.7
25.0
16.7
Median
33.3
41.7
33.3
33.3
33.3
25.0
25.0
25.0
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
Percentile 75th
50.0
41.7
50.0
50.0
41.7
41.7
33.3
41.7
50.0
58.3
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
41.7
50.0
50.0
Minimum
0.0
8.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
83.3
75.0
100.0
91.7
91.7
91.7
83.3
100.0
91.7
91.7
91.7
100.0
100.0
91.7
91.7
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
3.3
0.0
3.1
3.9
5.6
7.1
6.7
5.3
4.4
0.0
1.2
0.6
2.0
4.9
6.2
3.2
4.2
Ceiling effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
Depression
                 
n=
62
44
178
222
330
376
400
1612
55
105
276
339
487
631
627
2520
4132
Mean
35.7
33.3
28.7
27.1
27.7
23.6
23.1
26.3
44.9
37.1
35.5
38.7
39.1
34.0
32.9
36.2
31.6
Standard deviation
30.5
26.5
21.3
19.4
22.0
17.9
19.4
20.9
26.2
24.2
21.0
22.2
20.2
17.2
19.4
20.2
21.0
Error standard of the mean
3.2
3.1
1.6
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.5
3.2
2.2
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.4
0.3
Percentile 25 th
20.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
30.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
Median
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
50.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
Percentile 75th
50.0
50.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
30.0
40.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
7.7
6.4
9.6
8.4
13.3
16.4
13.9
12.4
4.4
5.6
5.0
3.7
2.8
7.1
8.9
5.7
8.8
Ceiling effect (%)
3.4
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.5
1.7
2.1
0.3
1.6
0.3
1.4
1.2
0.8
Pain
                 
n=
62
45
177
222
331
375
404
1616
55
105
276
340
490
635
632
2533
4149
Mean
34.5
39.9
41.0
41.2
44.9
43.0
44.6
42.8
41.2
53.7
46.5
52.3
56.1
55.9
56.8
53.9
48.7
Standard deviation
39.2
46.8
37.7
34.2
39.5
32.4
38.1
36.9
36.5
39.6
34.8
36.9
34.8
29.2
32.3
33.6
35.3
Error standard of the mean
4.2
5.4
2.8
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.7
0.9
4.5
3.6
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.5
0.7
0.6
Percentile 25 th
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
0.0
Median
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Percentile 75th
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
100.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
41.6
38.1
37.8
31.3
32.9
31.8
30.2
32.9
32.1
23.2
31.5
26.0
23.1
22.1
21.5
24.3
28.3
Ceiling effect (%)
10.6
17.8
19.8
13.7
22.7
17.8
19.5
18.6
14.5
30.6
24.4
30.6
35.4
34.0
35.1
32.0
25.8
Disability
                 
n=
62
45
178
222
331
376
404
1618
55
105
276
340
490
635
633
2534
4152
Mean
5.5
2.0
6.9
6.7
4.1
3.5
5.8
5.1
3.7
5.5
6.6
6.1
5.6
4.5
3.7
5.1
5.1
Standard deviation
20.5
12.8
22.6
23.4
19.2
15.1
24.2
20.7
14.5
19.1
21.0
20.2
19.1
14.8
14.7
17.4
18.7
Error standard of the mean
2.2
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.0
0.8
1.1
0.5
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.3
Percentile 25 th
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Median
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Percentile 75th
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
90.0
95.9
90.1
90.8
94.6
95.0
92.9
93.1
92.6
90.3
91.1
90.8
92.5
93.8
94.8
92.7
92.9
Ceiling effect (%)
1.0
0.0
3.9
4.1
2.7
1.9
4.6
3.2
0.0
1.3
4.3
3.1
3.6
2.8
2.2
2.9
3.0
* Weighted by number of eligible persons in the household and imputed from 1999 INSEE National Census data.
Table 5
HRQoL norms* in French general population from 12 to 75 years old with no self-reported chronic disease (n = 13559)
 
Men
Women
Total
 
12-17
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-75
Total
12-17
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-75
Total
 
Physical health
                 
n=
608
593
1217
1180
985
745
460
5788
676
703
1648
1571
1279
1089
753
7719
13507
Mean
81.3
79.8
80.4
79.1
76.3
79.7
75.8
79.1
73.9
72.7
71.2
72.0
69.8
69.1
66.0
71.0
75.0
Standard deviation
18.4
19.8
16.5
17.2
20.5
16.3
21.3
18.4
19.6
20.0
18.4
18.2
18.8
16.9
18.4
18.6
19.0
Error standard of the mean
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.2
Percentile 25 th
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
Median
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
Percentile 75th
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
Minimum
20.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.3
Ceiling effect (%)
18.1
16.2
18.2
16.5
14.7
21.0
15.1
17.0
11.7
9.1
9.4
8.9
8.6
10.9
6.0
9.2
13.1
Mental health
                 
n=
606
593
1218
1179
981
745
454
5776
677
703
1646
1570
1278
1089
764
7727
13503
Mean
74.9
75.3
80.8
80.6
79.3
83.1
82.6
79.3
66.0
67.7
72.8
72.6
72.8
74.6
77.0
71.9
75.6
Standard deviation
22.1
24.7
17.8
17.9
19.2
16.1
18.9
19.4
23.4
21.7
18.9
19.5
19.1
16.6
17.8
19.6
19.9
Error standard of the mean
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.2
Percentile 25 th
60.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
Median
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
80.0
Percentile 75th
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
20.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
Ceiling effect (%)
12.5
15.9
22.8
22.1
21.2
30.6
31.9
21.5
8.7
7.6
11.7
13.3
14.9
19.4
19.6
13.2
17.3
Social health
                 
n=
607
589
1210
1169
967
742
448
5732
674
701
1644
1564
1268
1075
758
7684
13416
Mean
70.5
68.0
68.7
66.6
66.1
65.2
65.5
67.4
65.6
67.0
68.6
67.8
66.1
67.2
67.1
67.2
67.3
Standard deviation
20.0
22.7
18.1
17.8
18.7
16.6
18.5
18.8
18.5
19.0
15.9
16.6
16.4
14.2
15.3
16.4
17.5
Error standard of the mean
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.1
Percentile 25 th
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
60.0
Median
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
Percentile 75th
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
Minimum
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
-0.0
0.0
0.0
Ceiling effect (%)
5.7
4.5
4.5
3.1
3.5
4.2
3.7
4.1
3.0
4.1
4.6
5.7
4.5
6.2
5.1
4.8
4.5
General health
                 
n=
605
589
1207
1166
960
738
438
5703
669
699
1643
1549
1259
1067
734
7620
13323
Mean
75.6
74.4
76.6
75.4
74.0
76.0
74.6
75.3
68.6
69.2
70.8
70.8
69.6
70.3
70.2
70.1
72.7
Standard deviation
13.8
16.6
12.9
13.2
13.9
11.8
14.5
13.7
15.1
15.0
13.1
13.6
13.5
11.9
12.9
13.5
13.8
Error standard of the mean
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
Percentile 25 th
70.0
66.7
70.0
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
66.7
60.0
60.0
63.3
63.3
60.0
60.0
63.3
60.0
63.3
Median
76.7
76.7
76.7
76.7
73.3
76.7
76.7
76.7
70.0
70.0
73.3
73.3
70.0
73.3
73.3
70.0
73.3
Percentile 75th
83.3
83.3
86.7
86.7
83.3
86.7
83.3
83.3
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
83.3
Minimum
26.7
23.3
26.7
16.7
13.3
23.3
30.0
13.3
20.0
20.0
23.3
20.0
16.7
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Ceiling effect (%)
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.5
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.0
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.6
Perceived health
                 
n=
607
593
1219
1180
985
745
460
5789
678
704
1647
1578
1279
1094
769
7749
13538
Mean
71.4
75.0
80.3
79.1
75.1
75.2
75.6
76.4
69.5
73.9
76.8
76.7
75.3
75.0
70.4
74.6
75.5
Standard deviation
43.8
45.1
33.1
31.8
34.6
28.1
34.2
35.4
39.3
37.9
31.7
30.6
28.8
24.8
28.1
31.3
33.1
Error standard of the mean
1.5
1.5
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.5
0.4
1.4
1.3
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.1
0.4
0.3
Percentile 25 th
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Median
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
Percentile 75th
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
13.4
12.7
7.7
6.5
7.3
5.8
7.1
8.6
14.6
12.4
10.3
8.2
6.0
7.2
7.6
9.3
9.0
Ceiling effect (%)
56.3
62.8
68.2
64.6
57.5
56.2
58.2
61.4
53.6
60.1
63.9
61.6
56.5
57.1
48.5
58.5
60.0
Self-esteem
                 
n=
607
590
1211
1169
966
743
446
5732
672
701
1646
1561
1269
1077
757
7683
13415
Mean
77.6
76.2
80.5
80.4
79.8
79.9
80.9
79.4
68.2
70.9
76.1
76.3
76.4
77.2
80.0
75.1
77.2
Standard deviation
20.5
23.9
17.5
17.4
17.4
15.2
17.5
18.4
20.0
19.3
16.3
16.8
16.8
14.4
15.5
17.1
17.8
Error standard of the mean
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
Percentile 25 th
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
70.0
60.0
70.0
Median
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
Percentile 75th
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
90.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
Minimum
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
30.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
-0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
Ceiling effect (%)
16.1
16.3
21.1
21.1
19.8
21.6
25.4
19.9
5.8
6.5
14.1
15.9
15.6
18.4
22.3
14.0
17.0
Anxiety
                 
n=
607
592
1215
1174
971
740
449
5748
674
702
1645
1561
1268
1076
758
7684
13432
Mean
28.6
31.8
27.4
27.1
27.3
22.4
22.6
27.3
35.3
36.8
33.3
31.7
31.8
29.1
27.5
32.4
29.9
Standard deviation
22.1
23.1
18.6
18.3
19.2
15.3
17.7
19.3
20.9
19.8
16.7
17.4
17.3
14.8
15.8
17.5
18.5
Error standard of the mean
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.2
Percentile 25 th
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
8.3
8.3
16.7
25.0
25.0
25.0
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
16.7
Median
25.0
33.3
25.0
25.0
25.0
16.7
16.7
25.0
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.3
25.0
25.0
33.3
25.0
Percentile 75th
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
33.3
33.3
41.7
50.0
50.0
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
41.7
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
83.3
91.7
91.7
91.7
91.7
83.3
75.0
91.7
91.7
83.3
91.7
91.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
5.8
4.6
8.7
8.8
8.1
15.7
13.9
8.7
4.4
1.8
4.4
4.9
6.4
9.4
8.3
5.4
7.0
Ceiling effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
Depression
                 
n=
608
593
1218
1180
982
744
455
5780
679
704
1647
1575
1278
1089
768
7740
13520
Mean
27.9
28.8
21.3
21.0
21.7
17.4
19.8
22.8
35.6
33.9
29.7
28.8
29.0
27.9
26.8
30.1
26.5
Standard deviation
23.3
24.5
18.6
18.0
19.4
15.9
19.6
20.0
23.2
22.0
19.0
19.3
19.3
16.8
18.1
19.6
20.1
Error standard of the mean
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.2
Percentile 25 th
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
Median
20.0
30.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
20.0
30.0
20.0
Percentile 75th
40.0
40.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
70.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
9.4
8.9
16.7
17.1
18.7
27.6
22.8
16.6
7.5
6.0
9.1
10.5
11.4
14.7
13.0
10.1
13.3
Ceiling effect (%)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.1
Pain
                 
n=
608
593
1219
1181
987
747
462
5797
679
704
1648
1578
1283
1093
771
7756
13553
Mean
21.5
24.6
24.3
27.0
32.1
28.2
34.0
26.9
28.5
29.2
31.7
32.5
36.5
39.1
40.9
33.5
30.3
Standard deviation
36.9
40.8
31.5
32.6
36.0
28.4
35.0
34.3
33.6
36.2
32.1
31.6
32.1
27.5
30.8
32.0
33.2
Error standard of the mean
1.2
1.3
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.5
0.4
1.2
1.3
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
0.4
0.3
Percentile 25 th
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Median
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
0.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Percentile 75th
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
63.0
58.9
56.7
53.2
45.6
50.1
41.7
53.5
50.2
52.2
48.3
45.7
39.9
37.6
34.6
44.8
49.1
Ceiling effect (%)
6.0
8.0
5.3
7.1
9.9
6.4
9.7
7.4
7.1
10.6
11.6
10.6
13.0
15.8
16.4
11.8
9.6
Disability
                 
n=
608
593
1219
1180
986
747
462
5795
680
704
1647
1578
1283
1094
771
7757
13552
Mean
2.4
2.3
1.8
2.7
2.3
1.6
2.1
2.2
2.6
2.8
4.2
3.1
2.8
2.3
1.9
3.0
2.6
Standard deviation
15.0
16.1
11.9
14.7
14.5
10.5
14.0
13.7
14.2
13.5
16.3
14.9
14.4
10.5
10.4
14.0
13.9
Error standard of the mean
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
Percentile 25 th
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Median
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Percentile 75th
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Minimum
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Maximum
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Floor effect (%)
95.9
96.4
97.3
96.0
96.8
97.9
97.0
96.7
95.7
94.9
93.7
95.9
96.3
96.8
97.2
95.6
96.1
Ceiling effect (%)
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.5
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.4
0.9
1.6
1.3
* Weighted by number of eligible persons in the household and imputed from 1999 INSEE National Census data.
We found a floor effect for anxiety, perceived health and depression scores (6.4, 11.3 and 12.4%, respectively) and a strong floor effect for pain and disability scores (44.6 and 95.4%, respectively) (Table 3). Ceiling effects were moderate for physical health (11.3%), self-esteem (16%) and mental health (16.2%) and strong for perceived health (53.9%).

Discussion

The DUKE questionnaire has been used for many years to describe HRQoL in different patient populations but has not been used for a general population. This is the first study presenting norms for the DUKE for French adolescents and adults. These normative data will be useful to researchers who wish to use the DUKE for health assessment and to clinical practitioners in daily practice.
The production of HRQoL community norms is important because they provide expected reference values to evaluate groups or individuals' HRQoL. Norms allow for appreciating the impact of diseases on HRQoL by comparing patients' HRQoL with normative data. However, some authors have suggested that norm-based interpretation in this situation may be irrelevant [35, 36] because the impact of the disease could be underestimated. This situation would be the case mainly in longitudinal studies if patients changed their way of estimating HRQoL over time because of their experience with disease or treatment, the response-shift phenomenon. Humans actively construct meaning from their environment and display a range of cognitive mechanisms to continually adapt to changing circumstances. Response shift refers to a change in the meaning of one's evaluation of a construct as a result of a change in one's internal standards of measurement, values or construct definition. Therefore, people might give different answers on patient-reported outcome measures over time, because their HRQoL has changed and because they might have changed their perception on what health or HRQoL means to them [37, 38]. However, comparing values between patients and the general population can be problematic with scales that have been developed in a hospital setting, but is not the case for the DUKE.
In public health, the continual monitoring of population HRQoL with validated instruments gives public health agencies data on current health for assessing, protecting, and promoting population health. Tracking population HRQoL over time also helps identify health disparities, evaluate progress on achieving broad health goals, and inform healthy public policy makers. These applications complement those of clinical research and practice, where HRQOL assessment measures patient-reported outcomes from medical, surgical, and behavioural interventions. In epidemiological research, these measures are particularly relevant to the field of chronic disease epidemiology by providing direct evidence of the considerable population burden of long-term health conditions such as disability, arthritis, obesity, asthma or diabetes. As previously mentioned, clinicians and researchers should carefully define their research questions related to patient-reported outcomes before selecting the instrument to use, by structure and content criteria and perhaps according to the availability of normative data.

Methodological considerations

We found relatively low internal consistency and a strong floor effect with the DUKE. Similar limitations were reported in young people [39] and in dementia [16], and in the French validity study of a cohort of 963 people from the general population, in which the Cronbach α varied from 0.63 to 0.81 [12]. However, this limitation should be moderately weighed because the use of the Cronbach α to assess the psychometric qualities of a HRQoL questionnaire might be inappropriate when the construct validity generates dimensions with few items. The Cronbach α is sensitive to the number of items in the dimension; with increasing number of items, the Cronbach α is likely to increase. In addition, the lower the mean inter-item correlation, the lower the Cronbach α.
We also showed some moderate and high floor effects in dysfunction measures (anxiety, depression, pain and disability) of the DUKE, which indicates poor discrimination properties. This finding was not surprising in a sample from a general population, which is, on average, in good health. These dimension scores are probably sensitive to the impact of disease, as we observed in other studies in patient samples [21, 40].
The response rate of the 2005 Health Barometer telephone survey was about 64% (30,514 participants in the 2005 Health Barometer of almost 48,000 contacted), which is lower than the response rate of mail surveys. To be representative of French population, data collected from 2005 Health Barometer have been weighted by number of eligible persons in the household (and by the number of landline phones in the household) and imputed from 1999 INSEE National Census data on gender, age, geographic area and size of agglomeration. In this way, the sample used for this study was representative of these criteria of the French population aged 12 to 75 years old, who speak French and have a landline phone. Characteristics of subjects selected (n = 17,733) and not selected (n = 8,889) for the HRQoL survey group were similar, but despite these precautions and checks, we cannot totally exclude the existence of selection bias.
Finally, the "next-birthday" method used in this national survey [30] to select the person to answer the questions can generate a low "self-selection" phenomenon. However, the results of the selection obtained with this method were very close to those expected. We could have used the Kish method, but it requires, before the selection, describing exactly the whole family, more time and more risk of generating refusals than does the next-birthday method.

Conclusions

We present HRQoL norms for all dimensions of the DUKE for adolescents and adults in France. These norms could be used as a reference for other studies assessing HRQoL, for specific illnesses, and for international comparisons.

Acknowledgements

We thank Stéphanie Boini (CHU Nancy) for contributions to the conception of the study. This study was financially supported by the National Institute for Prevention and Health Education, Paris, France, for the collection and the analysis of data.
Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​2.​0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Competing interests

All the authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Each author has made substantive intellectual contributions to this multicentre study:
CB: statistical analysis, writing manuscript; MLE: statistical analysis, manuscript revision; CPG: manuscript revision, AG: conception of study, manuscript revision, SR: conception of study, manuscript revision; JFC: conception of study, manuscript revision; FG: conception of study, manuscript revision and SB: conception of study manuscript revision and study supervision.
Anhänge

Authors’ original submitted files for images

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Metadaten
Titel
Health-related quality of life in French adolescents and adults: norms for the DUKE Health Profile
verfasst von
Cédric Baumann
Marie-Line Erpelding
Christine Perret-Guillaume
Arnaud Gautier
Stéphanie Régat
Jean-François Collin
Francis Guillemin
Serge Briançon
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2011
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
BMC Public Health / Ausgabe 1/2011
Elektronische ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-401

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