Background
Methods
Sample
Data collection
Ethics statement
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of study subjects
Patterns of allergic diseases
Asthma | Allergic rhinitis | Eczema | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Crude prevalence (%)(95% CI ) | Adjusted prevalence (%)(95% CI ) | Crude prevalence (%)(95% CI ) | Adjusted prevalence (%)(95% CI ) | Crude prevalence (%)(95% CI ) | Adjusted prevalence (%)(95% CI ) | |
Total
|
22,009
|
3∙3 (3∙1-3∙6)
|
3∙3 (3∙1-3∙6)
|
9∙8 (9∙4-10∙2)
|
9∙8 (9∙4-10∙2)
|
5∙5 (5∙2-5∙8)
|
5∙5 (5∙2-5∙8)
|
Harbin(4) | 2,900 | 1∙4 (1∙0-1∙9) | 1∙7 (1∙0-2∙4) | 4∙9 (4∙1-5∙7) | 4∙9 (3∙9-5∙8) | 5∙3 (4∙5-6∙1) | 4∙7 (3∙9-5∙5) |
Shanghai(10) | 4,395 | 7∙2 (6∙4-8∙0) | 7∙0 (6∙0-7∙9) | 12∙9 (11∙9-13∙9) | 13∙1 (11∙7-14∙5) | 6∙4 (5∙7-7∙1) | 6∙5 (5∙4-7∙5) |
Guangzhou(4) | 3,094 | 3∙0 (2∙4-3∙6) | 3∙0 (2∙4-3∙6) | 16∙7 (15∙4-18∙0) | 16∙8 (15∙3-18∙2) | 5∙3 (4∙5-6∙1) | 5∙4 (4∙6-6∙2) |
Xi'an(3) | 1,653 | 1∙1 (0∙6-1∙6) | 1∙1 (0∙6-1∙7) | 3∙9 (3∙0-4∙8) | 3∙9 (2∙9-4∙9) | 4∙4 (3∙4-5∙4) | 4∙4 (3∙4-5∙4) |
Wuhan(4) | 2,061 | 3∙6 (2∙8-4∙4) | 3∙5 (2∙7-4∙3) | 8∙5 (7∙3-9∙7) | 8∙3 (7∙1-9∙6) | 6∙0 (5∙0-7∙0) | 6∙1 (5∙0-7∙2) |
Chengdu(5) | 2,848 | 4∙5 (3∙8-5∙3) | 4∙6 (3∙8-5∙4) | 9∙9 (8∙8-11∙0) | 10∙1 (8∙9-11∙2) | 4∙2 (3∙5-4∙9) | 4∙3 (3∙5-5∙1) |
Hohhot(5) | 2,025 | 1∙0 (0∙6-1∙5) | 0∙9 (0∙5-1∙4) | 5∙4 (4∙4-6∙4) | 4∙5 (3∙6-5∙4) | 6∙2 (5∙2-7∙2) | 6∙4 (4∙9-7∙9) |
Urumqi(4) | 2,033 | 1∙5 (1∙0-2∙1) | 1∙6 (1∙0-2∙1) | 10∙3 (9∙0-11∙6) | 10∙1 (8∙6-11∙5) | 5∙9 (4∙9-6∙9) | 5∙9 (4∙8-6∙9) |
**P | <0∙001 | <0∙001 | <0∙001 | <0∙001 | <0∙001 | <0∙001 |
Risk factors of allergic diseases
Variables | Asthma OR(95% CI ) | Allergic rhinitis OR(95% CI ) | Eczema OR(95% CI ) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male |
1∙5(1∙3-1∙8 )
|
1∙4 (1∙2-1∙5 )
| |
Age3
|
1∙1(1∙0-1∙2 )
| |||
Diagnosed GER | Yes |
2∙3(1∙2-4∙3)
| ||
Diagnosed obesity | Yes |
1∙7(1∙1-2∙7 )
|
1∙5 (1∙0-2∙3)
| |
Mode of delivery | Caesarean (Ref.) | |||
Vaginal |
0∙8(0∙7-0∙9 )
| |||
Carbonated drinks intake | > = 5 times/week |
1∙8(1∙3-2∙6)
| ||
Exclusive breast feeding | > = 4 months |
0∙8(0∙7-0∙9)
| ||
Computer use as amusements | > = 5 times/week |
1∙3(1∙1-1∙6)
| ||
Diagnosed childhood ADHD | Yes |
1∙4(1∙0-2∙0)
|
1∙7(1∙4-2∙1)
|
1∙5(1∙2-2∙0)
|
Diagnosed prepartum and postpartum depression | Yes |
1∙7(1∙3-2∙4)
| ||
Family structure | Single-parent and extended family (Ref.) | |||
Nuclear family |
0∙8(0∙7-1∙0)
| |||
Household income per capita | > = 1500RMB/month |
1∙3(1∙1-1∙7)
|
1∙2(1∙1-1∙4)
| |
Maternal education level | > = High school graduate |
1∙5(1∙2-1∙8)
|
1∙2(1∙1-1∙4)
|
1∙3(1∙2-1∙6)
|
Paternal education level | > = High school graduate |
1∙3(1∙1-1∙4)
| ||
Maternal education level *Household income per capita | > = High school graduate and > = 1500RMB/month |
1.6(1.1,2.4)
| ||
Common cold | >5 times/year |
3∙2(2∙7-3∙8)
|
2∙3(2∙1-2∙6)
|
1∙8(1∙5-2∙1)
|
Snoring | Yes |
1∙5(1∙3-1∙7)
| ||
Sleep-disordered breathing | Yes |
2∙3(1∙6-3∙1)
|
2∙3(1∙9-2∙9)
|
1∙5(1∙1-2∙0)
|
Paternal snoring | Yes |
1∙2(1∙0-1∙5)
|
1∙2(1∙1-1∙3)
|
1∙2(1∙0-1∙4)
|
Parental age at child's birth |
1∙2(1∙1-1∙3)
|
1∙1(1∙0-1∙3)
| ||
Diagnosed recurrent otitis media | Yes |
2∙1(1∙8-2∙6)
|
1∙9(1∙5-2∙4)
| |
Diagnosed asthma | Yes |
4∙3(3∙6-5∙2) |
2∙7(2∙2-3∙4)
| |
Diagnosed allergic rhinitis | Yes |
3∙2(2∙7-3∙6)
|
1∙8(1∙5-2∙1)
| |
Diagnosed eczema | Yes |
2∙9(2∙3-3∙7) |
1∙8(1∙5-2∙2)
| |
Common cold*Snoring | Yes |
1.3(1.0,1.8)
| ||
Site | Urumqi (Ref.) | |||
Shanghai |
4∙4(2∙9-6∙6)
| 1∙0(0∙9-1∙3) | 0∙9(0∙7-1∙2) | |
Guangzhou | 1∙4(0∙9-2∙2) |
1∙6(1∙3-1∙9)
| 0∙8(0∙6-1∙1) | |
Xi'an |
1∙4(3∙7-2∙6)
|
0∙4(0∙3-0∙6)
| 0∙9(0∙6-1∙2) | |
Wuhan |
2∙7(1∙7-4∙4)
| 0∙9(0∙7-1∙1) | 1∙1(0∙8-1∙5) | |
Chengdu |
3∙2(2∙0-4∙9)
| 0∙8(0∙7-1∙0) | 0∙6(0∙5-0∙8) | |
Harbin | 1∙4(0∙8-2∙3) |
0∙5(0∙4-0∙6)
| 1∙0(0∙7-1∙3) | |
Hohhot | 0∙9(0∙5-1∙7) |
0∙6(0∙4-0∙7)
|
1∙3(1∙0-1∙7)
|
Variables | Shanghai OR (95% CI ) | Guangzhou OR (95% CI ) | Xi'an OR (95% CI ) | Wuhan OR (95% CI ) | Chengdu OR (95% CI ) | Harbin OR (95% CI ) | Hohhot OR (95% CI ) | Urumqi OR (95% CI ) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male |
1∙5
(1∙1-1∙9)
|
2∙3
(1∙4-3∙8)
| ||||||
Diagnosed GER | Yes |
14∙6
(12∙1-41∙7)
|
10∙6
(23∙4-48∙5)
| ||||||
Diagnosed Obesity | Yes |
14∙1
(5∙0-40∙1)
|
7∙9
(1∙7-35∙8)
|
7∙7
(2∙2-27∙2)
| |||||
Carbonated drinks intake | > = 5 times/week |
5∙3
(1∙2-6∙7)
| |||||||
Maternal diagnosed depression | Yes |
5∙5
(1∙4-11∙4)
| |||||||
Diagnosed prepartum and postpartum depression | Yes |
2∙4
(1∙2-4∙9)
| |||||||
Family structure | Single-parent and extended family (Ref.) | ||||||||
Nuclear family |
3∙2
(1∙8-8∙5)
| ||||||||
Household income per capita | > = 1500RMB/month |
2∙2
(1∙1-1∙7)
|
1∙4
(1∙1-3∙6)
| ||||||
Maternal education level | > = High school graduate |
1∙5
(1∙2-2∙0)
|
1∙8
(1∙1-3∙0)
| ||||||
Paternal education level | > = High school graduate |
2∙8
(1∙8-4∙5)
| |||||||
Maternal education level *Household income per capita | > = High school graduate and > = 1500RMB/month |
1.6
(1.0,2.7)
| |||||||
Paternal education level *Household income per capita | > = High school graduate and > = 1500RMB/month |
2.3
(1.2,4.6)
| |||||||
Common cold | >5 times/year |
2∙6
(1∙9-3∙3)
|
3∙8
(2∙3-6∙1)
|
7∙1
(2∙6-19∙2)
|
5∙8
(3∙7-12∙3)
|
2∙7
(1∙8-4∙2)
|
3∙9
(2∙0-7∙8)
|
3∙0
(1∙3-6∙7)
| |
Sleep-disordered breathing | Yes |
1∙9
(1∙1-3∙4)
|
3∙9
(1∙8-8∙5)
|
5∙3
(1∙6-17∙1)
|
4∙1
(1∙5-11∙4)
| ||||
Maternal snoring | Yes |
3∙3
(1∙2-8∙7)
| |||||||
Paternal age at child's birth |
1∙0
(1∙0-1∙1)
| ||||||||
Diagnosed allergic rhinitis | Yes |
5∙3
(4∙0-6∙9)
|
4∙4
(2∙7-7∙1)
|
4∙6
(3∙0-10∙4)
|
5∙7
(3∙7-8∙9)
|
3∙8
(1∙6-9∙1)
|
5∙4
(1∙8-16∙2)
|
2∙8
(1∙1-6∙8)
| |
Diagnosed eczema | Yes |
3∙2
(2∙2-4∙5)
|
2∙9
(1∙5-5∙6)
|
2∙4
(1∙1-5∙2)
|
2∙4
(1∙2-4∙7)
|
4∙1
(1∙8-9∙2)
|
3∙1
(1∙1-8∙2)
|
Variables | Shanghai OR (95% CI) | Guangzhou OR (95% CI) | Xi'an OR (95% CI) | Wuhan OR (95% CI) | Chengdu OR (95% CI) | Harbin OR (95% CI) | Hohhot OR (95% CI) | Urumqi OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female (Ref.) | ||||||||
Male |
1∙5
(1∙3-1∙9)
|
1∙3
(1∙1-1∙6)
|
1∙5
(1∙0-2∙2)
|
2∙3
(1∙7-3∙1)
|
2∙4
(1∙5-3∙1)
| ||||
Age |
1∙2
(1∙1-1∙2)
|
1∙2
(1∙1-1∙3)
|
1∙3
(1∙1-1∙4)
|
1∙2
(1∙1-1∙3)
| |||||
Exclusive breast feeding | > = 4 months |
0∙8
(0∙6-0∙9)
|
0∙6
(0∙4-0∙9)
| ||||||
Diagnosed childhood ADHD | Yes |
3∙1
(1∙2-8∙2)
|
3∙4
(1∙8-6∙2)
| ||||||
Household income per capita | > = 1500RMB/month |
1∙5
(1∙1-2∙0)
|
1∙4
(1∙1-1∙8)
|
1∙7
(1∙1-2∙4)
| |||||
Maternal education level | > = High school graduate |
1∙5
(1∙2-1∙9)
|
2∙4
(1∙6-3∙6)
| ||||||
Paternal education level | > = High school graduate |
1∙8
(1∙2-2∙7)
|
1∙9
(1∙4-2∙6)
| ||||||
Paternal education level *Household income per capita | > = High school graduate and > = 1500RMB/month |
1.9
(1.3,2.8)
| |||||||
Common cold | >5 times/year |
2∙3
(1∙8-2∙8)
|
3∙2
(2∙6-4∙0)
|
3∙5
(1∙9-6∙6)
|
2∙7
(1∙8-4∙1)
|
2∙3
(1∙7-3∙1)
|
1∙6
(1∙1-2∙6)
|
1∙7
(1∙2-2∙4)
| |
Diagnosed recurrent otitis media | Yes |
2∙0
(1∙3-3∙0)
|
2∙3
(1∙6-3∙4)
|
5∙4
(1∙9-16∙2)
|
3∙3
(1∙7-6∙7)
|
2∙5
(1∙6-3∙9)
|
3∙1
(1∙6-5∙8)
| ||
Snoring | Yes |
1∙6
(1∙2-2∙0)
|
1∙9
(1∙4-2∙4)
|
2∙4
(1∙5-3∙7)
|
1∙7
(1∙0-2∙9)
| ||||
Sleep-disordered breathing | Yes |
2∙4
(1∙5-3∙9)
|
7∙0
(2∙5-19∙6)
|
2∙3
(1∙1-4∙6)
|
2∙9
(1∙4-6∙2)
|
2∙3
(1∙1-5∙1)
| |||
Paternal snoring | Yes |
1∙4
(1∙1-1∙8)
|
1∙4
(1∙0-1∙9)
| ||||||
Maternal snoring | Yes |
2∙7
(1∙3-5∙6)
| |||||||
Parental age at child's birth |
1∙1
(1∙0-1∙3)
| ||||||||
Maternal age at child's birth |
1∙0
(1∙0-1∙1)
| ||||||||
Diagnosed asthma | Yes |
5∙1
(3∙9-6∙8)
|
3∙6
(2∙2-5∙9)
|
4∙8
(2∙5-9∙2)
|
5∙1
(3∙4-1∙7)
|
3∙3
(1∙3-8∙1)
|
6∙4
(2∙2-18∙2)
|
2∙9
(1∙2-6∙7)
| |
Diagnosed eczema | Yes |
1∙5
(1∙1-2∙1)
|
1∙9
(1∙3-2∙9)
|
2∙5
(1∙5-4∙0)
|
3∙9
(2∙2-6∙9)
|
1∙8
(1∙1-3∙1)
| |||
Common cold*Snoring | Yes |
2.4
(1.4,3.9)
|
Variables | Shanghai OR (95% CI ) | Guangzhou OR (95% CI ) | Xi'an OR (95% CI ) | Wuhan OR (95% CI ) | Chengdu OR (95% CI ) | Harbin OR (95% CI ) | Hohhot OR (95% CI ) | Urumqi OR (95% CI ) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male |
0∙7
(0∙5-0∙9)
| |||||||
Diagnosed Obesity | Yes |
2∙0
(1∙1-3∙7)
| |||||||
Mode of delivery | Caesarean(Ref.) | ||||||||
Vaginal |
0∙6
(0∙4-0∙7)
| ||||||||
Carbonated drinks intake like Coke | > = 5 times/week |
2∙0
(1∙1-3∙1)
| |||||||
Computer use as amusements | > = 5 times/week |
2∙0
(1∙3-3∙3)
|
2∙1
(1∙2-3∙9)
| ||||||
Paternal smoking | Yes |
1∙8
(1∙0-3∙1)
| |||||||
Diagnosed childhood ADHD | Yes |
2∙2
(1∙2-3∙9)
|
2∙7
(1∙4-5∙3)
| ||||||
Paternal diagnosed depression | Yes |
2∙7
(1∙5-6∙8)
| |||||||
Diagnosed prepartum and postpartum depression | Yes |
2∙4
(1∙1-5∙8)
|
5∙9
(2∙4-14∙6)
|
4∙7
(2∙0-10∙8)
| |||||
Overburdened schoolwork | Yes |
2∙0
(1∙3-3∙0)
| |||||||
Maternal education level | > = High school graduate |
1∙5
(1∙1-1∙9)
|
1∙6
(1∙1-2∙2)
|
1∙5
(1∙1-2∙1)
|
2∙0
(1∙3-3∙0)
| ||||
Paternal education level | > = High school graduate |
2∙1
(1∙4-3∙2)
| |||||||
Common cold | >5 times/year |
2∙0
(1∙5-2∙7)
|
3∙7
(2∙0-6∙9)
|
2∙4
(1∙5-3∙7)
|
2∙8
(1∙9-4∙1)
|
1∙8
(1∙1-3∙1)
|
3∙0
(1∙9-4∙5)
| ||
Snoring | Yes |
1∙6
(1∙1-2∙3)
| |||||||
Sleep-disordered breathing | Yes |
1∙8
(1∙0-3∙3)
| |||||||
Paternal snoring | Yes |
1∙7
(1∙1-2∙5)
| |||||||
Diagnosed recurrent otitis media | Yes |
2∙2
(1∙4-3∙6)
|
2∙1
(1∙1-4∙0)
|
3∙6
(1∙6-7∙9)
| |||||
Diagnosed asthma | Yes |
3∙1
(2∙2-4∙6)
|
2∙7
(1∙4-5∙1)
|
4∙0
(1∙0-15∙6)
|
2∙4
(1∙3-4∙4)
|
3∙5
(1∙5-7∙9)
|
6∙9
(2∙4-2∙0)
|
3∙9
(1∙6-9∙6)
| |
Diagnosed allergic rhinitis | Yes |
1∙5
(1∙1-2∙1)
|
1∙9
(1∙3-2∙8)
|
2∙1
(1∙2-3∙7)
|
2∙4
(1∙5-3∙9)
|
2∙1
(1∙1-3∙8)
|
3∙2
(1∙8-5∙7)
|