Background
Literature review
Formal labour market institutions in high-income countries
From labour market institutions to regulations in low- and middle-income countries
Methods
Data sources and variables
Statistical analyses
Low- and middle-income classification
Cluster analyses and construction of factor scores
Results
Cluster of labour markets by national income
More Equal | ← Labour Market → | Less Equal | |
---|---|---|---|
Middle-Income | Residual | Emerging | Informal |
The Bahamas, Croatia, Czech Rep, Hong Kong, Hungary, Jamaica, Korea Rep, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russian Fed, Singapore, Slovak Rep, Slovenia, Thailand, Uruguay | Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Fiji, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela | Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, El Salvador, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Turkey | |
Low-Income | Post-Communist | Less Successful Informal | Insecure |
Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Ghana, Indonesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Romania, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam | Algeria, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Dominican Rep, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, India, Iran, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Rep, Yemen Rep | Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Rep, Chad, Comoros, Congo Dem Rep, Congo Rep, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kenya, Lao PDR, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
Middle-income countries
Low-income countries
Descriptive summaries of labour market factor scores
Clusters Variables | Middle-Income | Low-Income | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Residual (n = 16) | Emerging (n = 16) | Informal (n = 10) | Middle-income Total (N Range = 43-52) | Post-Communist (n = 18) | Less Successful Informal (n = 22) | Insecure (n = 31) | Low-Income Total (N Range = 70-92) | |
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
Labour market inequality factor score (std.)a
| 0.45 (0.32) | -0.58 (0.27) | -1.29 (0.85) | -0.36 (0.83) | 0.65 (0.59) | -1.32 (0.41) | 0.73 (0.72) | 0.08 (1.12) |
Labour market poverty factor score (std.)b
| -0.67 (0.25) | -0.34 (0.28) | -0.27 (0.62) | -0.42 (0.45) | -0.02 (0.40) | 0.18 (0.58) | 1.49 (0.43) | 0.70 (0.85) |
Association between factor scores and health indicators
Factor Scores Health Outcomes | Middle-Income Countries | Low-Income Countries | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Labour Market Inequality Factor Score | Labour Market Poverty Factor Score | Labour Market Inequality Factor Score | Labour Market Poverty Factor Score | |
Healthy life expectancy at birth - Male | -0.0177 | -0.6033* | -0.4021* | -0.7350* |
Healthy life expectancy at birth - Female | 0.1543 | -0.5716* | -0.3791* | -0.7637* |
Maternal mortality | -0.2263 | 0.5474* | 0.4549* | 0.7830* |
Infant mortality rate | -0.1668 | 0.7184* | 0.3302* | 0.7498* |
Under 5-year mortality rate | -0.1593 | 0.6945* | 0.3638* | 0.7754* |
Neonatal mortality | -0.2172 | 0.7411* | 0.1890* | 0.6161* |
Adult Mortality - Male | 0.1997 | 0.4427* | 0.3858* | 0.6060* |
Adult Mortality - Female | 0.0255 | 0.4807* | 0.3468* | 0.6499* |
Years of life lost to communicable diseases | -0.1654 | 0.5949* | 0.2589* | 0.7962* |
Years of life lost to non-communicable diseases | 0.2394 | -0.5920* | -0.2170 | -0.7846* |