Background
Methods
Design and study area
Study population and sampling procedure
Data collection
Measurements
Operational definitions
Variables | Urban | Rural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Ever HIV tested (%) | n (%) | Ever HIV tested (%) | |
Overall
|
1,628 (27.0)
|
355 (21.9)
|
4,405 (73.0)
|
110 (2.6)
|
Knowledge indicator
| ||||
Reduce risk of getting AIDS by not having sex at all (yes) | 1,460 (90.2) | 22.3 | 3,362 (81.0) | 2.9 |
Reduce chance of getting AIDS by having one sexual partner with no other partner (yes) | 1,429 (88.3) | 3,263 (78.5) | 2.9 | |
Reduce chances of getting HIV/AIDS by always using condoms during sexual intercourse (yes) | 1,315 (81.3) | 23.2 | 2,531 (60.9) | 3.1 |
Can a healthy looking person have AIDS (yes) | 1,450 (89.6) | 23.7 | 2,684 (64.6) | 3.4 |
Get AIDS by sharing food with person who has HIV/AIDS (no) | 1,542 (95.3) | 22.2 | 3,264 (78.7) | 3.0 |
Get HIV/AIDS from mosquito bites (no) | 1,289 (79.6) | 22.7 | 2,268 (54.6) | 3.3 |
Can get AIDS by witchcraft or supernatural means (no) | 1,554 (96.0) | 22.4 | 3,502 (84.3) | 2.9 |
Risky sexual behaviour indicators
| ||||
Never had sexual intercourse | 525 (32.4) | 13.5 | 1,203 (28.9) | 1.6 |
Had multiple life time sexual partner (yes) | 746 (47.3) | 27.5 | 1,591 (38.4) | 3.1 |
Circumcised (no) | 31 (1.9) | 6.5 | 360 (8.7) | 1.9 |
Had genital sore/ulcer in last 12 months (yes) | 6 (0.4) | 50.0 | 12 (0.3) | 8.3 |
Had any STD in last 12 months (yes) | 8 (0.5) | 37.5 | 23 (0.6) | 4.4 |
At least one sexual partner other than wife in last 12 months | 272 (16.9) | 36.0 | 183 (4.4) | 3.3 |
Either partner drank alcohol during last sex with last sexual intercourse (yes) | 107 (12.7) | 25.2 | 196 (7.2) | 1.5 |
Ever paid for sex (yes) | 20 (2.4) | 35.0 | 22 (0.8) | 0.0 |
Stigma indicators
| ||||
Knows someone who has or died of AIDS (yes) | 640 (39.5) | 31.3 | 271 (6.5) | 9.2 |
Allowed to keep AIDS infection secret (no) | 1,271 (78.5) | 22.7 | 3,173 (76.3) | 2.8 |
Willing to care for relative with AIDS (yes) | 1,517 (93.9) | 22.7 | 2,940 (70.7) | 3.1 |
Person with AIDS allowed to continue teaching (yes) | 1,368 (84.5) | 23.3 | 1,959 (47.1) | 3.6 |
Would buy vegetables from vendor with AIDS (yes) | 1,079 (66.7) | 25.7 | 877 (21.1) | 4.6 |
People with AIDS should be ashamed of themselves (Disagree) | 1,503 (92.8) | 22.4 | 2,256 (54.2) | 3.3 |
People with AIDS should be blamed for bringing AIDS in community (Disagree) | 1,443 (89.1) | 23.0 | 2,252 (52.2) | 3.6 |
Data analysis
Ethical consideration
Results
Background characteristics of the study participants
Variables | Urban | Rural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Ever HIV tested (%) |
P-value | n (%) | Ever HIV tested (%) |
P-value | |
Overall
|
1,628 (27.0)
|
355 (21.9)
|
4,405 (73.0)
|
110 (2.6)
| ||
Age
| ||||||
15–24 | 688 (42.5) | 18.8 |
0.001
| 1,514 (36.4) | 2.6 |
0.000
|
25–34 | 437 (27.0) | 27.9 | 1,102 (26.5) | 4.4 | ||
35–44 | 272 (16.8) | 24.3 | 835 (20.1) | 2.2 | ||
45–59 | 222 (13.7) | 17.1 | 709 (17.0) | 0.6 | ||
Marital status
| ||||||
Never married | 919 (56.8) | 22.7 | 0.364 | 1,419 (34.1) | 1.9 |
0.032
|
Ever Married | 700 (43.2) | 20.9 | 2,741 (65.9) | 3.0 | ||
Socio-economic position (SEP)
| ||||||
Low | 135 (8.3) | 8.9 |
0.000
| 3,198 (76.9) | 1.7 |
0.000
|
Middle | 459 (28.4) | 15.0 | 677 (16.3) | 4.9 | ||
High | 1,025 (63.3) | 26.7 | 285 (6.9) | 8.1 | ||
Religion
| ||||||
Christian | 1,215 (75.6) | 24.4 |
0.000
| 2,544 (63.1) | 2.7 | 0.969 |
Muslim | 393 (24.4) | 14.5 | 1,486 (36.9) | 2.7 | ||
HIV/AIDS-related knowledge index
| ||||||
Low | 134 (8.3) | 16.7 |
0.001
| 1,381 (33.2) | 1.1 |
0.000
|
High | 621 (38.4) | 19.0 | 1,860 (44.7) | 3.1 | ||
Comprehensive knowledge | 864 (53.4) | 25.4 | 919 (22.1) | 4.1 | ||
HIV/AIDS-related stigma index
| ||||||
No stigma | 335 (20.7) | 33.4 |
0.000
| 46 (1.1) | 15.2 |
0.000
|
Low | 966 (59.8) | 21.4 | 1,066 (25.6) | 4.9 | ||
Moderate | 270 (16.7) | 11.9 | 1,632 (39.2) | 2.0 | ||
High | 48 (3.0) | 8.3 | 1,416 (34.0) | 1.3 | ||
Risky sexual behaviour index
| ||||||
No risk | 543 (33.5) | 14.2 |
0.000
| 1,082 (26.0) | 1.8 | 0.104 |
Some risk | 729 (45.0) | 22.2 | 2,513 (60.4) | 3.0 | ||
High risk | 347 (21.4) | 33.4 | 565 (13.6) | 2.8 |
HIV testing history
HIV/AIDS-related knowledge
Risky sexual behaviour history
HIV/AIDS-related stigma
Factors associated with VCT utilization
Variables |
Ever been tested for HIV
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate OR(95% CI)♣ | Model 1 OR(95% CI)* | Model 2 OR(95% CI)** | Full Model OR(95% CI)*** | |
Age
| ||||
15–24 | 1.4 (0.76–2.52) | 1.2 (0.56–2.70) | 1.8 (0.88–3.61) | 1.7 (0.78–3.59) |
25–34 |
1.9 (1.07–3.36)
| 1.6 (0.87–2.86) | 1.6 (0.91–2.73) | 1.5 (0.81–2.66) |
35–44 | 1.3 (0.73–2.33) | 1.2 (0.66–2.09) | 1.2 (0.66–2.07) | 1.1 (0.60–2.07) |
45–59 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Marital status
| ||||
Never married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ever Married | 0.8 (0.55–1.26) | 0.7 (0.40–1.41) | 0.6 (0.33–1.25) | 0.7 (0.34–1.28) |
Socio-economic position
| ||||
Lower | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle | 1.7 (0.61–4.92) | 1.5 (0.55–4.09) | 1.5 (0.54–4.24) | 1.4 (0.51–3.72) |
Higher |
3.3 (1.27–8.72)
| 2.7 (0.99–7.21)
| 2.4 (0.82–6.78) | 2.2 (0.82–5.94) |
Religion
| ||||
Christian | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Muslim |
0.5 (0.35–0.87)
|
0.6 (0.34–0.86)
|
0.6 (0.39–0.91)
|
0.6 (0.40–0.97)
|
HIV/AIDS-related knowledge index
| ||||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
High | 0.6 (0.28–1.42) | 0.5 (0.26–1.15) | 0.5 (0.24–1.04) | |
Comprehensive knowledge | 1.0 (0.50–2.14) | 0.9 (0.43–1.70) | 0.7 (0.40–1.33) | |
Risky sexual behaviour index
| ||||
No risk | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Some risk | 1.6 (0.99–2.49) |
2.1 (1.28–3.53)
|
2.1 (1.31–3.42)
| |
High risk |
2.9 (1.56–5.27)
|
3.1(1.71–5.51)
|
3.0 (1.68–5.51)
| |
HIV/AIDS-related stigma index
| ||||
No stigma |
6.6 (1.93–22.94)
|
3.6 (1.04–12.46)
| ||
Low |
3.7 (1.09–12.31)
| 1.9 (0.56–6.67) | ||
Moderate | 2.8 (0.72–9.94) | 1.6 (0.44–6.12) | ||
High | 1 | 1 |
Variables |
Ever been tested for HIV
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate OR(95% CI)♣ | Model 1 OR(95% CI)* | Model 2 OR(95% CI)** | Full Model OR(95% CI)*** | |
Age
| ||||
15–24 |
3.9 (1.26–11.73)
|
7.4 (1.87–29.41)
|
6.9 (1.74–27.79)
|
7.4 (1.79–30.75)
|
25–34 |
7.6 (2.54–22.78)
|
7.2 (2.36–22.02)
|
6.7 (2.21–20.58)
|
6. 8 (2.18–21.11)
|
35–44 |
4.7 (1.44–15.37)
|
3.7 (1.11–12.39)
|
3.4 (1.03–11.55)
|
3.6 (1.06–12.15)
|
45–59 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Marital status
| ||||
Never married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ever Married |
1.7 (1.03–2.86)
|
3.0 (1.22–7.23)
| 1.7 (0.67–4.47) | 2.1 (0.83–5.17) |
Socioeconomic position
| ||||
Lower | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Middle |
3.5 (1.96–6.43)
|
2.4 (1.33–4.38)
|
2.2 (1.22–3.88)
|
1.9 (1.04–3.54)
|
Higher |
8.0 (3.82–16.72)
|
5.0 (2.64–9.46)
|
4.2 (2.22–7.84)
|
3.5 (1.84–6.71)
|
Religion
| ||||
Christian | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Muslim | 1.2 (0.74–2.00) | 1.4 (0.85–2.44) | 1.6 (0.93–2.70) | 1.6 (0.94–2.66) |
HIV/AIDS-related knowledge index
| ||||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
High |
2.8 (1.36–5.89)
|
2.3 (1.10–4.97)
| 2.0 (0.91–4.23) | |
Comprehensive knowledge |
3.8 (1.78–8.00)
|
2.8 (1.33–6.00)
| 2.1(0.90–4.66) | |
Risky sexual behaviour index
| ||||
No risk | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Some risk |
2.2 (1.18–4.01)
| 2.3 (0.90–5.65) | 2.2 (0.89–5.38) | |
High risk | 1.5 (0.66–3.49) | 1.8 (0.60–5.35) | 1.7 (0.61–4.75) | |
HIV/AIDS-related stigma index
| ||||
No stigma |
12.6 (3.90–40.85)
|
9.3 (2.58–33.28)
| ||
Low |
3.4 (1.80–6.39)
|
2.2 (1.09–4.65)
| ||
Moderate | 1.6 (0.81–3.11) | 1.5 (0.75–3.00) | ||
High | 1 | 1 |