Background
Methods
Study population and ethics statement
Variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Overall prevalence
Current daily smokers | Low-fruit/vegetable consumersa
| Physically inactive peopleb
| Heavy episodic alcohol drinkersc
| ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | ||||||
Men
|
Middle-income country group
|
34.1
| 33.3 | 35.0 |
79.1
| 78.2 | 80.0 |
12.3
| 11.6 | 13.0 |
12.6
| 11.9 | 13.2 |
Low-income country group
|
25.2
| 24.5 | 25.9 |
72.8
| 71.8 | 73.8 |
8.4
| 7.9 | 9.0 |
6.9
| 6.4 | 7.4 | |
Women
|
Middle-income country group
|
10.8
| 10.2 | 11.3 |
78.6
| 77.7 | 79.5 |
14.9
| 14.2 | 15.5 |
3.0
| 2.8 | 3.3 |
Low-income country group
|
6.0
| 5.6 | 6.4 |
74.6
| 73.7 | 75.5 |
14.6
| 14.0 | 15.3 |
2.7
| 2.3 | 3.0 |
Wealth-related inequality
Current daily smokers | Low-fruit/ vegetable consumersa
| Physically inactive peopleb
| Heavy episodic alcohol drinkersc
| ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | ||||||||
Men
|
Middle-income country group
|
Wealth quintile 1
|
43.6
| 42.1 | 45.2 |
83.8
| 82.3 | 85.3 |
11.6
| 10.4 | 12.8 |
14.3
| 12.9 | 15.6 | |
Wealth quintile 2
|
38.5
| 37.0 | 40.0 |
80.9
| 79.5 | 82.4 |
12.6
| 11.5 | 13.7 |
12.7
| 11.5 | 13.8 | |||
Wealth quintile 3
|
34.7
| 33.2 | 36.2 |
79.7
| 78.3 | 81.1 |
11.7
| 10.7 | 12.7 |
12.6
| 11.5 | 13.6 | |||
Wealth quintile 4
|
30.9
| 29.5 | 32.3 |
78.4
| 77.0 | 79.8 |
12.2
| 11.1 | 13.2 |
11.5
| 10.5 | 12.5 | |||
Wealth quintile 5
|
27.9
| 26.5 | 29.3 |
75.2
| 73.7 | 76.6 |
13.5
| 12.4 | 14.7 |
12.5
| 11.5 | 13.5 | |||
Slope index of inequality
|
Model 1
d
|
13.3
| 10.4 | 16.2 |
11.6
| 7.6 | 15.6 |
−4.4
| −6.8 | −1.9 |
−0.8
| −3.4 | 1.8 | ||
Model 2
e
|
6.9
| 3.7 | 10.1 |
12.0
| 7.4 | 16.6 |
−0.3
| −3.2 | 2.7 |
1.3
| −1.5 | 4.1 | |||
Low-income country group
|
Wealth quintile 1
|
32.5
| 31.1 | 33.9 |
77.0
| 75.5 | 78.6 |
9.0
| 8.0 | 10.0 |
7.5
| 6.6 | 8.3 | ||
Wealth quintile 2
|
28.6
| 27.4 | 29.9 |
74.1
| 72.7 | 75.6 |
7.8
| 6.9 | 8.8 |
6.7
| 6.0 | 7.5 | |||
Wealth quintile 3
|
25.0
| 23.8 | 26.2 |
72.1
| 70.6 | 73.5 |
7.2
| 6.3 | 8.1 |
6.2
| 5.5 | 7.0 | |||
Wealth quintile 4
|
22.1
| 21.0 | 23.2 |
71.8
| 70.4 | 73.2 |
8.3
| 7.4 | 9.3 |
6.9
| 6.1 | 7.7 | |||
Wealth quintile 5
|
18.5
| 17.4 | 19.6 |
71.0
| 69.6 | 72.5 |
11.0
| 9.9 | 12.1 |
7.5
| 6.7 | 8.3 | |||
Slope index of inequality
|
Model 1
d
|
23.0
| 19.6 | 26.4 |
9.7
| 6.2 | 13.2 |
−5.0
| −7.1 | −2.8 |
1.2
| 0.1 | 2.3 | ||
Model 2
e
|
14.1
| 10.2 | 18.0 |
8.2
| 4.3 | 12.1 |
−2.7
| −5.2 | −0.2 |
0.2
| −0.9 | 1.4 | |||
Women
|
Middle-income country group
|
Wealth quintile 1
|
13.2
| 12.0 | 14.5 |
82.9
| 81.4 | 84.3 |
14.4
| 13.2 | 15.7 |
2.6
| 2.1 | 3.1 | |
Wealth quintile 2
|
12.8
| 11.7 | 13.9 |
81.7
| 80.4 | 83.0 |
14.2
| 13.2 | 15.2 |
3.0
| 2.5 | 3.5 | |||
Wealth quintile 3
|
10.8
| 9.9 | 11.7 |
79.7
| 78.5 | 81.0 |
14.5
| 13.5 | 15.6 |
2.8
| 2.4 | 3.3 | |||
Wealth quintile 4
|
10.3
| 9.3 | 11.2 |
76.7
| 75.4 | 78.1 |
15.1
| 14.1 | 16.2 |
3.1
| 2.6 | 3.5 | |||
Wealth quintile 5
|
8.8
| 8.0 | 9.6 |
73.2
| 71.8 | 74.5 |
15.7
| 14.6 | 16.8 |
3.3
| 2.8 | 3.7 | |||
Slope index of inequality
|
Model 1
d
|
2.3
| 0.4 | 4.1 |
14.4
| 10.3 | 18.5 |
−2.4
| −5.0 | 0.3 |
−1.4
| −2.5 | −0.3 | ||
Model 2
e
|
−0.1
| −2.2 | 2.0 |
14.7
| 10.1 | 19.3 |
−0.5
| −3.2 | 2.3 |
−0.5
| −1.7 | 0.7 | |||
Low-income country group
|
Wealth quintile 1
|
8.8
| 8.0 | 9.6 |
77.8
| 76.4 | 79.3 |
13.3
| 12.2 | 14.4 |
2.5
| 2.0 | 3.0 | ||
Wealth quintile 2
|
6.7
| 6.0 | 7.3 |
75.3
| 73.9 | 76.7 |
14.2
| 13.1 | 15.3 |
2.9
| 2.3 | 3.5 | |||
Wealth quintile 3
|
5.9
| 5.2 | 6.6 |
73.2
| 71.8 | 74.6 |
13.7
| 12.6 | 14.8 |
2.8
| 2.2 | 3.4 | |||
Wealth quintile 4
|
5.2
| 4.6 | 5.7 |
73.9
| 72.5 | 75.2 |
14.6
| 13.5 | 15.7 |
2.8
| 2.2 | 3.3 | |||
Wealth quintile 5
|
3.0
| 2.5 | 3.6 |
72.4
| 70.9 | 73.9 |
18.2
| 16.9 | 19.5 |
2.6
| 2.1 | 3.2 | |||
Slope index of inequality
|
Model 1
d
|
5.7
| 3.7 | 7.7 |
9.5
| 6.5 | 12.4 |
−9.1
| −12.3 | −5.9 |
0.9
| 0.5 | 1.4 | ||
Model 2
e
|
3.8
| 1.3 | 6.3 |
9.9
| 6.6 | 13.3 |
−6.7
| −10.5 | −2.9 |
0.9
| 0.3 | 1.4 |
Education-related inequality
Current daily smokers | Low-fruit/vegetable consumersa
| Physically inactive peopleb
| Heavy episodic alcohol drinkersc
| ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | ||||||||
Men
|
Middle-income country group
|
No formal schooling
|
40.0
| 37.9 | 42.2 |
82.0
| 80.1 | 84.0 |
18.9
| 17.0 | 20.8 |
9.9
| 8.5 | 11.2 | |
Less than primary school
|
36.7
| 35.0 | 38.5 |
82.3
| 80.8 | 83.8 |
16.2
| 14.5 | 17.9 |
10.2
| 9.1 | 11.3 | |||
Primary school completed
|
37.8
| 36.4 | 39.1 |
80.3
| 79.1 | 81.6 |
12.3
| 11.4 | 13.3 |
13.7
| 12.6 | 14.8 | |||
Secondary/high school completed
|
33.4
| 32.3 | 34.5 |
77.5
| 76.3 | 78.6 |
12.5
| 11.6 | 13.4 |
12.6
| 11.8 | 13.5 | |||
College completed or above
|
21.8
| 20.4 | 23.2 |
75.6
| 74.0 | 77.2 |
14.7
| 13.4 | 16.1 |
11.6
| 10.4 | 12.9 | |||
Slope index of inequality
|
Model 1
d
|
24.0
| 20.2 | 27.9 |
8.0
| 3.4 | 12.5 |
−2.7
| −5.7 | 0.2 |
−3.3
| −6.3 | −0.3 | ||
Model 2
e
|
20.8
| 16.7 | 24.9 |
2.3
| −2.5 | 7.1 |
0.0
| −3.1 | 3.0 |
−3.1
| −6.3 | 0.1 | |||
Low-income country group
|
No formal schooling
|
29.7
| 28.3 | 31.1 |
74.3
| 72.8 | 75.8 |
8.2
| 7.4 | 9.0 |
6.9
| 6.0 | 7.9 | ||
Less than primary school
|
29.5
| 28.1 | 31.0 |
73.0
| 71.6 | 74.5 |
8.5
| 7.4 | 9.7 |
7.6
| 6.8 | 8.4 | |||
Primary school completed
|
25.8
| 24.5 | 27.2 |
70.5
| 69.0 | 72.1 |
8.4
| 7.3 | 9.4 |
6.9
| 6.1 | 7.7 | |||
Secondary/high school completed
|
19.8
| 18.6 | 21.0 |
72.9
| 71.4 | 74.5 |
10.0
| 8.7 | 11.2 |
7.5
| 6.6 | 8.4 | |||
College completed or above
|
14.7
| 13.2 | 16.3 |
72.3
| 70.3 | 74.4 |
12.7
| 11.2 | 14.1 |
8.2
| 6.9 | 9.6 | |||
Slope index of inequality
|
Model 1
d
|
26.5
| 22.8 | 30.3 |
8.9
| 5.7 | 12.0 |
−2.7
| −4.7 | −0.7 |
2.7
| 1.2 | 4.1 | ||
Model 2
e
|
17.2
| 13.3 | 21.1 |
4.7
| 1.6 | 7.8 |
0.1
| −1.8 | 2.1 |
2.5
| 1.0 | 3.9 | |||
Women
|
Middle-income country group
|
No formal schooling
|
10.8
| 9.7 | 12.0 |
85.8
| 84.2 | 87.5 |
22.8
| 20.7 | 24.8 |
2.3
| 1.7 | 2.9 | |
Less than primary school
|
10.6
| 9.8 | 11.4 |
82.6
| 81.2 | 83.9 |
21.2
| 19.5 | 22.9 |
2.0
| 1.6 | 2.3 | |||
Primary school completed
|
13.6
| 12.5 | 14.8 |
81.6
| 80.4 | 82.9 |
15.1
| 14.0 | 16.2 |
3.7
| 3.1 | 4.2 | |||
Secondary/high school completed
|
10.4
| 9.8 | 11.1 |
76.4
| 75.2 | 77.6 |
14.6
| 13.8 | 15.5 |
3.1
| 2.7 | 3.5 | |||
College completed or above
|
8.4
| 7.5 | 9.3 |
74.1
| 72.6 | 75.7 |
14.9
| 13.6 | 16.3 |
3.1
| 2.6 | 3.7 | |||
Slope index of inequality
|
Model 1
d
|
8.9
| 6.2 | 11.5 |
8.5
| 4.4 | 12.7 |
−1.6
| −4.6 | 1.4 |
−1.3
| −2.7 | 0.1 | ||
Model 2
e
|
10.5
| 7.4 | 13.6 |
2.6
| −1.7 | 6.8 |
0.2
| −2.9 | 3.2 |
−0.5
| −2.1 | 1.0 | |||
Low-income country group
|
No formal schooling
|
7.3
| 6.8 | 7.8 |
76.0
| 74.7 | 77.2 |
14.0
| 13.2 | 14.9 |
2.4
| 2.0 | 2.7 | ||
Less than primary school
|
5.6
| 4.8 | 6.3 |
73.6
| 72.1 | 75.1 |
13.9
| 12.8 | 15.1 |
1.9
| 1.5 | 2.3 | |||
Primary school completed
|
2.3
| 1.9 | 2.8 |
72.0
| 70.4 | 73.5 |
15.1
| 13.9 | 16.3 |
3.1
| 2.4 | 3.7 | |||
Secondary/high school completed
|
2.1
| 1.6 | 2.7 |
72.2
| 70.4 | 73.9 |
18.3
| 16.9 | 19.8 |
2.1
| 1.4 | 2.7 | |||
College completed or above
|
1.4
| 0.9 | 2.0 |
69.5
| 67.3 | 71.7 |
16.0
| 14.1 | 17.9 |
2.8
| 1.8 | 3.8 | |||
Slope index of inequality
|
Model 1
d
|
7.1
| 4.7 | 9.6 |
8.5
| 5.2 | 11.8 |
−5.5
| −8.9 | −2.1 |
0.4
| −0.1 | 0.9 | ||
Model 2
e
|
4.2
| 1.1 | 7.3 |
5.3
| 1.8 | 8.9 |
1.8
| −1.5 | 5.1 |
−0.1
| −0.8 | 0.5 |