Background
Methods
Study population
Breath sample collection
Ethical issues
Variable definitions
Statistical methods
Results
Residence | |||
---|---|---|---|
Results | Urban | Rural | Total |
Household Interviews
| |||
Dwellings sampled | 1753 | 751 | 2504 |
Households found | 1652 | 730 | 2382 |
Households interviewed | 1485 | 701 | 2186 |
Household Response Rate (%)
|
89.9
|
96.0
|
91.8
|
Individual Interviews
| |||
Eligible individual | 3616 | 1939 | 5555 |
Eligible individual interviewed | 3611 | 1938 | 5549 |
Eligible Individual Response Rate (%)
|
99.9
|
99.9
|
99.9
|
13
C-UBT’s
| |||
Number of people who had gastrectomy | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Number of the people who had antibiotic treatment during the last 30 days | 294 | 78 | 372 |
Number of people who used PPI during the last 14 days | 174 | 68 | 242 |
Eligible people for test | 3174 | 1799 | 4973 |
Eligible people tested | 2941 | 1722 | 4663 |
Eligible people tested rate (%)
|
92.6
|
95.7
|
93.7
|
The basic socio-demographic characteristics and H. pylori infection
Socio-demographic factors | Hp positive | Hp negative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%)* | n | (%)* | Total | P** | |
Sex
| ||||||
Female | 2075 | (81.4) | 457 | (18.6) | 2532 | 0.014 |
Male | 1777 | (83.9) | 313 | (16.1) | 2090 | |
Age groups
| ||||||
18–24 | 736 | (79.6) | 170 | (20.4) | 906 | 0.000 |
25–34 | 957 | (86.3) | 145 | (13.7) | 1102 | |
35–44 | 746 | (84.2) | 123 | (15.8) | 869 | |
45–54 | 599 | (83.7) | 108 | (16.3) | 707 | |
55–64 | 372 | (78.9) | 99 | (21.1) | 471 | |
65 + | 442 | (78.6) | 125 | (21.4) | 567 | |
Region
| ||||||
West | 1027 | (80.3) | 247 | (19.7) | 1274 | 0.000 |
South | 444 | (78.7) | 118 | (21.3) | 562 | |
Central | 1089 | (85.0) | 192 | (15.0) | 1281 | |
North | 369 | (82.3) | 83 | (17.8) | 452 | |
East | 923 | (88.1) | 130 | (11.9) | 1053 | |
Residence
| ||||||
Urban | 2411 | (81.7) | 509 | (18.3) | 2920 | 0.020 |
Rural | 1441 | (84.0) | 261 | (16.0) | 1702 | |
Total
|
3852
|
(82.5)
|
770
|
(17.5)
|
4622
|
Variable and categories | B | P | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
| |||||
Female | 1.0 | ||||
Male | 0.217 | 0.035 | 1.242 | 1.015, | 1.519 |
Age
| -0.015 | 0.000 | 0.986 | 0.979, | 0.992 |
Education
| |||||
High school + | 1.0 | ||||
No education | 0.484 | 0.003 | 1.623 | 1.176, | 2.239 |
Primary complete | 0.511 | 0.000 | 1.666 | 1.333, | 2.083 |
Secondary complete | 0.405 | 0.013 | 1.499 | 1.091, | 2.059 |
Marital status
| |||||
Never married | 1.0 | ||||
Widowed/Divorced | 0.425 | 0.030 | 1.530 | 1.042, | 2.246 |
Currently married | 0.554 | 0.000 | 1.739 | 1.378, | 2.197 |
Social security
| |||||
Emekli sandigi | 1.0 | ||||
Private/foreign | -0.532 | 0.187 | 0.587 | 0.266, | 1.295 |
BAG-KUR | 0.009 | 0.952 | 1.009 | 0.757, | 1.345 |
SSK | 0.450 | 0.001 | 1.568 | 1.213, | 2.026 |
None | 0.439 | 0.002 | 1.550 | 1.174, | 2.048 |
Green Card | 0.383 | 0.077 | 1.467 | 0.960, | 2.241 |
Source of drinking water
| |||||
Bottled water/demijohn/pet water | 1.0 | ||||
Piped water (in house/garden/outside) | 0.572 | 0.000 | 1.772 | 1.404, | 2.236 |
Spring/public fountain | 0.517 | 0.002 | 1.677 | 1.218, | 2.308 |
Other (river. rain water etc.) | 0.495 | 0.008 | 1.640 | 1.135, | 2.371 |
Smoking
| |||||
Never | 1.0 | ||||
Tried at past. currently non-smoker | 0.038 | 0.750 | 1.039 | 0.821, | 1.316 |
Tried at past. currently occasional smoker | -0.003 | 0.985 | 0.997 | 0.703, | 1.413 |
Regular smoker | 0.350 | 0.005 | 1.419 | 1.113, | 1.808 |
Alcohol
| |||||
Regular consumer | 1.0 | ||||
Tried at past. currently drinking occasionally | 0.586 | 0.028 | 1.798 | 1.066, | 3.032 |
Tried at past. currently non-drinker | 0.687 | 0.012 | 1.988 | 1.161, | 3.403 |
Never | 0.692 | 0.010 | 1.997 | 1.182, | 3.374 |
Region
| |||||
South | 1.0 | ||||
West | 0.186 | 0.147 | 1.204 | 0.937, | 1.549 |
North | 0.172 | 0.343 | 1.188 | 0.832, | 1.696 |
Central | 0.382 | 0.007 | 1.466 | 1.111, | 1.934 |
East | 0.563 | 0.001 | 1.756 | 1.264, | 2.439 |
Constant
| -0.473 | 0.173 | 0,623 |
Socio-economic status and H.pylori infection
Socio-economic Factors | Hp positive | Hp negative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%)* | n | (%)* | Total | p | |
Education (n = 4577) | ||||||
No education | 747 | (82.6) | 163 | (17.4) | 910 | 0.000 |
Primary complete | 1801 | (86.0) | 276 | (14.0) | 2077 | |
Secondary complete | 355 | (85.2) | 59 | (14.8) | 414 | |
High school + | 913 | (75.4) | 263 | (24.6) | 1176 | |
Social security** (n = 4573) | ||||||
SSK | 1266 | (83.9) | 228 | (16.1) | 1494 | 0.000 |
Emekli sandigi | 431 | (74.5) | 139 | (25.5) | 570 | |
BAG-KUR | 546 | (78.5) | 148 | (21.5) | 694 | |
Green Card | 324 | (87.2) | 42 | (12.8) | 366 | |
Private/foreign | 21 | (63.9) | 10 | (36.1) | 31 | |
None | 1223 | (85.4) | 195 | (14.6) | 1418 | |
Housing tenure (n = 4597) | ||||||
Owned by a household member | 2761 | (81.6) | 583 | (18.4) | 3344 | 0.05 |
Rented | 762 | (84.5) | 134 | (15.5) | 896 | |
Lodging/no money paid | 306 | (85.3) | 51 | (14.7) | 357 | |
Occupation (n = 4503) | ||||||
Agriculture & animal husbandry | 516 | (86.0) | 83 | (14.0) | 599 | 0.000 |
Industry | 228 | (86.0) | 35 | (14.0) | 263 | |
Construction | 111 | (92.7) | 9 | (7.3) | 120 | |
Service | 360 | (78.7) | 87 | (21.3) | 447 | |
Housewife/retired/unemployed | 522 | (78.7) | 120 | (21.3) | 642 | |
Other | 2021 | (82.9) | 411 | (17.1) | 2432 | |
Household population
| ||||||
1–3 person/home | 1000 | (79.3) | 250 | (20.7) | 1250 | 0.000 |
4–5 person/home | 1592 | (81.4) | 334 | (18.6) | 1926 | |
6 + person/home | 1260 | (87.3) | 186 | (12.7) | 1446 | |
Rooms for sleeping (n = 4575) | ||||||
1–2 | 2354 | (82.2) | 482 | (17.8) | 2836 | 0.06 |
3–4 | 1382 | (82.5) | 277 | (17.5) | 1659 | |
5 + | 73 | (93.0) | 7 | (7.0) | 80 | |
Source of the drinking water (n = 4594) | ||||||
Piped water (in house/garden/outside) | 2342 | (83.6) | 445 | (16.4) | 2787 | 0.00 |
Spring/public fountain | 726 | (83.8) | 141 | (16.2) | 867 | |
Bottled water/demijohn/pet water | 327 | (72.9) | 109 | (27.1) | 436 | |
Other ((river, rain water etc.)) | 430 | (85.4) | 74 | (14.6) | 504 | |
Type of toilet system (n = 4598) | ||||||
Connected to drainage system | 2778 | (82.6) | 551 | (17.4) | 3329 | 0.76 |
Closed pit | 1033 | (81.9) | 215 | (18.1) | 1248 | |
Other (No facility) | 18 | (86.7) | 3 | (13.3) | 21 | |
Source of heating (n = 4553) | ||||||
Radiator (Central heating) | 366 | (75.0) | 102 | (25.0) | 468 | 0.00 |
Radiator (Private) | 147 | (71.0) | 62 | (29.0) | 209 | |
Natural gas stove | 83 | (84.8) | 14 | (15.2) | 97 | |
Stove (Cool/wood) | 2985 | (84.4) | 536 | (15.6) | 3521 | |
Animal excrement | 103 | (86.4) | 17 | (13.6) | 120 | |
Electricity | 85 | (83.7) | 18 | (16.3) | 103 | |
Gas stove | 28 | (78.0) | 7 | (22.0) | 35 | |
Family income (USD/month)*** (n = 4194) | ||||||
14–179 | 874 | (84.6) | 147 | (15.4) | 1021 | 0.00 |
183–394 | 1472 | (83.7) | 272 | (16.3) | 1744 | |
398–538 | 503 | (83.8) | 103 | (16.2) | 606 | |
541 + | 632 | (75.1) | 191 | (24.9) | 823 | |
Total | 3852 | (82.5) | 770 | (17.5) | 4622 |
Sex | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | |||||||||
Variables | B | P | OR | CI 95% | B | P | OR | CI 95% | ||
Age
| -0.013 | 0.009 | 0.987 | 0.977, | 0.997 | -0.013 | 0.005 | 0.987 | 0.978, | 0.996 |
Education
| ||||||||||
High school + | 1.0 | |||||||||
No education | 0.813 | 0.000 | 2.254 | 1.517, | 3.350 | |||||
Primary complete | 0.762 | 0.000 | 2.142 | 1.593, | 2.880 | |||||
Secondary complete | 0.679 | 0.006 | 1.971 | 1.213, | 3.203 | |||||
Marital Status
| ||||||||||
Never married | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||||
Widowed/Divorced | 0.450 | 0.242 | 1.568 | 0.738, | 3.335 | 0.294 | 0.209 | 1.342 | 0.848, | 2.122 |
Currently married | 0.551 | 0.005 | 1.735 | 1.182, | 2.547 | 0.537 | 0.000 | 1.712 | 1.272, | 2.304 |
Social Security
| ||||||||||
Emekli sandigi | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||||
Private/foreign | 0.541 | 0.428 | 1.718 | 0.451, | 6.546 | -1.216 | 0.023 | 0.296 | 0.104, | 0.848 |
BAG-KUR | 0.385 | 0.083 | 1.469 | 0.951, | 2.269 | -0.186 | 0.339 | 0.831 | 0.568, | 1.215 |
SSK | 0.768 | 0.000 | 2.155 | 1.478, | 3.140 | 0.276 | 0.110 | 1.317 | 0.940, | 1.847 |
None | 0.894 | 0.000 | 2.444 | 1.632, | 3.661 | 0.178 | 0.340 | 1.194 | 0.829, | 1.720 |
Green Card | 0.593 | 0.068 | 1.809 | 0.956, | 3.422 | 0.302 | 0.290 | 1.353 | 0.773, | 2.369 |
Housing Tenure
| ||||||||||
Owned by household members | 1.0 | |||||||||
Rented | 0.276 | 0.109 | 1.317 | 0.940, | 1.845 | |||||
Lodging/no money paid | 0.692 | 0.034 | 1.997 | 1.055, | 3.779 | |||||
Source of Drinking Water
| ||||||||||
Bottled water/demijohn/pet | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||||
Piped water | 0.418 | 0.023 | 1.518 | 1.060, | 2.174 | 0.684 | 0.000 | 1.981 | 1.477, | 2.657 |
Spring/public fountain | 0.073 | 0.763 | 1.076 | 0.669, | 1.728 | 0.901 | 0.000 | 2.461 | 1.644, | 3.684 |
Other (river. rain water etc.) | 0.808 | 0.012 | 2.244 | 1.198, | 4.204 | 0.438 | 0.050 | 1.550 | 1.001, | 2.402 |
Smoking
| ||||||||||
Never | 1.0 | |||||||||
Tried at past. currently non-smoker | 0.167 | 0.381 | 1.182 | 0.813, | 1.719 | |||||
Tried at past. currently occasional smoker | -0.073 | 0.792 | 0.929 | 0.539, | 1.602 | |||||
Regular smoker | 0.449 | 0.017 | 1.566 | 1.083, | 2.264 | |||||
Alcohol
| ||||||||||
Regular consumer | 1.0 | |||||||||
Tried at past. currently drinking occasionally | 0.731 | 0.009 | 2.078 | 1.202, | 3.590 | |||||
Tried at past. currently non-drinker | 0.764 | 0.009 | 2.148 | 1.214, | 3.799 | |||||
Never | 0.779 | 0.007 | 2.180 | 1.243, | 3.822 | |||||
Region
| ||||||||||
South | 1.0 | |||||||||
West | 0.423 | 0.032 | 1.526 | 1.037, | 2.246 | |||||
North | 0.451 | 0.118 | 1.570 | 0.891, | 2.764 | |||||
Central | 0.653 | 0.002 | 1.922 | 1.258, | 2.936 | |||||
East | 0.816 | 0.002 | 2.262 | 1.353, | 3.782 | |||||
Constant
|
-0.404
|
0.388
|
0.668
|
0.335
|
0.172
|
1.398
|
Lifestyle factors and prevalence of H.pylori infection
Lifestyle factors | Hp positive | Hp negative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%)* | n | (%)* | Total | P | |
Smoking cigarettes (n = 4605) | ||||||
Never | 1662 | (80.8) | 370 | (19.2) | 2032 | 0.00 |
Tried at past, currently non-smoker | 745 | (81.6) | 159 | (18.4) | 904 | |
Tried at past, currently occasional smoker | 245 | (82.4) | 47 | (17.6) | 292 | |
Regular smoker | 1190 | (85.9) | 187 | (14.1) | 1377 | |
Drinking alcohol (n = 4593) | ||||||
Regular consumer | 69 | (74.7) | 18 | (25.3) | 87 | 0.03 |
Others | 3762 | (82.8) | 744 | (17.2) | 4506 | |
Total
| 3852 | (82.5) | 770 | (17.5) | 4622 |