Background
Methods
Ethical considerations
Setting
Patients
Definitions of delay
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the patients
Characteristic* | n (%) |
---|---|
Male sex | 350 (56.3) |
Non-farmers | 563 (91.7) |
High TB knowledge | 366 (58.8) |
Low perceived TB stigma | 242 (38.9) |
HIV negative | 170 (27.6)† |
Never smokers | 464 (74.6) |
Never drinkers | 253 (40.7) |
No household TB contact | 441 (70.9) |
No coexistence of a chronic disease | 494 (79.4) |
Duration and distribution of delay
Patient delay
Risk factor | All PTB patients | New smear-positive | New smear-negative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | UOR | 95% CI | n | UOR | 95% CI | n | UOR | 95% CI | |
Age (>32 years) | 250 | 1.5 | 1.1-2.2 | 106 | 1.7 | 1.0-2.8 | 144 | 1.2 | 0.8-2.0 |
Female sex | 272 | 1.2 | 0.8-1.7 | 129 | 1.2 | 0.7-2.0 | 143 | 1.1 | 0.7-1.8 |
Farming | 51 | 4.2 | 2.1-8.6 | 21 | 4.2 | 1.5-11.8 | 30 | 4.0 | 1.5-10.8 |
Primary education or less | 356 | 1.3 | 0.9-1.9 | 182 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.5 | 174 | 2.0 | 1.2-3.4 |
Visiting first a traditional healer | 148 | 2.2 | 1.5-3.3 | 68 | 2.4 | 1.4-4.2 | 80 | 2.0 | 1.1-3.5 |
Low level of TB knowledge | 227 | 1.8 | 1.3-2.6 | 113 | 1.4 | 0.8-2.2 | 114 | 2.5 | 1.5-4.1 |
HIV infection | 393 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.2 | 175 | 0.6 | 0.4-1.0 | 218 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.9 |
Current or ever smoking | 137 | 1.3 | 0.9-1.9 | 74 | 1.4 | 0.8-2.3 | 63 | 1.3 | 0.7-2.3 |
Presence of a chronic disease | 120 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.4 | 54 | 1.6 | 0.9-3.0 | 66 | 1.4 | 0.8-2.6 |
Inadequate access to health services | 103 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.4 | 49 | 1.6 | 0.8-2.9 | 54 | 1.5 | 0.8-2.9 |
Risk factor | All PTB patients | New smear-positive | New smear-negative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | AOR | 95%CI | n | AOR | 95%CI | n | AOR | 95%CI | |
Age (>32 years) | 250 | 1.35 | 0.94-1.94 | 106 | 1.48 | 0.86-2.55 | 144 | 1.04 | 0.62-1.75 |
Farming | 51 | 3.65 | 1.74-7.67 | 21 | 4.19 | 1.38-12.70 | 30 | 2.99 | 1.07-8.38 |
Primary education or less | 356 | 0.82 | 0.55-1.23 | 182 | 0.57 | 0.31-1.04 | 174 | 1.28 | 0.73-2.24 |
Visiting first a traditional healer | 148 | 2.05 | 1.35-3.11 | 68 | 2.36 | 1.28-4.34 | 80 | 1.67 | 0.92-3.04 |
Low level of TB knowledge | 227 | 1.64 | 1.12-2.40 | 113 | 1.45 | 0.82-2.57 | 114 | 2.03 | 1.18-3.51 |
HIV infection | 393 | 0.70 | 0.46-1.06 | 175 | 0.49 | 0.27-0.88 | 218 | 0.87 | 0.45-1.68 |
Current or ever smoker | 137 | 1.44 | 0.95-2.18 | 74 | 1.61 | 0.89-2.90 | 63 | 1.39 | 0.74-2.58 |
Coexistence of a chronic disease | 120 | 1.76 | 1.12-2.77 | 54 | 2.34 | 1.18-4.64 | 66 | 1.45 | 0.77-2.72 |
Inadequate access to health services | 103 | 1.45 | 0.91-2.32 | 49 | 1.54 | 0.77-3.08 | 54 | 1.32 | 0.68-2.59 |
Total number of observations | 539 | 266 | 273 |
Health system delay
Risk factor | All PTB patients | New smear-positive | New smear-negative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | UOR | 95% CI | n | UOR | 95% CI | n | UOR | 95% CI | |
Age (>32 years) | 265 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.4 | 115 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.4 | 150 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.6 |
Female sex | 259 | 1.3 | 0.9-1.8 | 126 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.6 | 133 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.6 |
Farming | 49 | 1.8 | 1.0-3.3 | 21 | 2.6 | 1.0-6.8 | 28 | 1.2 | 0.6-2.7 |
Primary education or less | 380 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.4 | 201 | 1.4 | 0.8-2.2 | 179 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.3 |
More than 2 visits to a health facility | 434 | 16.6 | 9.4-29.3 | 207 | 11.4 | 5.7-22.7 | 227 | 29.1 | 10.1-83.5 |
Negative sputum smear result | 284 | 1.6 | 1.2-2.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
HIV infection | 421 | 1.9 | 1.3-2.7 | 195 | 2.0 | 1.2-3.3 | 226 | 1.4 | 0.8-2.5 |
History of household TB contact | 181 | 1.4 | 1.0-2.0 | 94 | 1.4 | 0.8-2.2 | 81 | 1.6 | 0.9-2.7 |
Coexistence of a chronic disease | 122 | 3.1 | 2.0-4.7 | 56 | 2.2 | 1.2-4.0 | 66 | 4.2 | 2.2-8.2 |
Risk factor | All PTB patients | New smear-positive | New smear-negative | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | AOR | 95%CI | n | AOR | 95%CI | n | AOR | 95%CI | |
Age (>32 years) | 265 | 0.88 | 0.59-1.33 | 115 | 0.84 | 0.48-1.47 | 150 | 0.93 | 0.51-1.71 |
Female sex | 259 | 0.88 | 0.58-1.32 | 126 | 1.10 | 0.63-1.93 | 133 | 0.74 | 0.40-1.38 |
Farming | 49 | 2.19 | 1.02-4.72 | 21 | 4.85 | 1.47-15.93 | 28 | 1.20 | 0.44-3.28 |
Primary education or less | 380 | 0.98 | 0.65-1.48 | 201 | 1.27 | 0.71-2.26 | 179 | 0.77 | 0.42-1.43 |
More than 2 visits to a health facility | 434 | 16.58 | 9.21-29.84 | 207 | 13.00 | 6.19-27.29 | 227 | 31.03 | 10.39-92.69 |
Negative sputum smear result | 284 | 1.24 | 0.84-1.83 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
HIV infection | 421 | 1.46 | 0.94-2.26 | 195 | 1.79 | 1.00-3.19 | 226 | 1.22 | 0.62-2.42 |
History of household TB contact | 175 | 1.18 | 0.77-1.81 | 94 | 1.20 | 0.67-2.13 | 81 | 1.14 | 0.60-2.16 |
Coexistence of a chronic disease | 122 | 2.95 | 1.74-5.01 | 56 | 1.85 | 0.90-3.80 | 66 | 4.73 | 2.06-10.88 |
Total number of observations | 586 | 302 | 284 |