Background
Methods
Literature search methodology
Data-extraction
Study design
Target disease
Type of intervention
Baseline and follow-up
Analysis
Statistical tests
Results
Results and discussion
Selection of papers
Interventions in primary care professionals
Author (year)
|
Country
|
Allocation unit (a)
|
Intervention population (b)
|
Type of patient
|
Sample size (%) (b), (c)
|
Statistical test
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dollman, WB (2005) [20] | South Australia | PC | GPs, Pa | All | ___ | Bivariate |
Hrisos, S (2007) [21] | UK | PC | GPs | ___ | 340 GPs | Multivariate Bivariate |
Hennessy, TW (2002) [22] | USA (Alaska) | PC | Py, Pa, O | All | 3144 Pa | Multivariate Bivariate |
Rubin, MA (2005) [23] | USA | PC | Py, Pa | All | ___ | Multivariate |
Naughton, C (2009) [24] | Ireland | PC | GPs | All | 110 GPs | Multivariate |
Chazan, B (2007) [25] | Israel (Northern) | PC | Py, Nu, Ph, Pa | All | 200 participants | Bivariate |
Briel, M (2005) [26] | Switzerland | PC | Py | Adults | 45 Py | Multivariate Bivariate |
624 Pa | ||||||
Monette, J (2007) [27] | Canada | PC | Py | Geriatric patients | 36 Py | Multivariate |
Enriquez-Puga, A (2009) [28] | England | PC | Py, GPs | All | 28 practices | Multivariate Bivariate |
Bjerrum, L (2006) [29] | Spain | PC | GPs | Adults | 17 GPs in IG 35 GPs in CG | ___ |
Mcisaac, WJ (2002)[30] | Canada | PC | GPs | Children Adults | 97 Py | Multivariate Bivariate |
621 patients | ||||||
Wheeler, JG (2001) [31] | USA | PC | Py, Pa | Pediatric patients | 16 Py | Bivariate |
771 parents | ||||||
Juzych, NS (2005) [32] | USA | PC | Py, Ps, Nu, Ph, Pa | Adults Children | 12 Py + 9 Ps in IG | Univariate |
6 Py + 9 Ps in CG | ||||||
Smeets, HM (2009) [33] | Netherlands | PC | GPs, Ph, Pa | ___ | 131 practices in IG | Multivariate Bivariate |
127 practices in CG | ||||||
Mandryk, JA (2006) [34] | Australia | PC | GPs | ___ | ___ | Multivariate |
Stille, CJ (2008) [35] | USA | PC | Py, Pa | Pediatric patients | 168 Py | Multivariate Bivariate |
Finkelstein, JA (2001) [36] | USA | PC | Py, Pa | <6 years | 14468 Pa (pre-) | Multivariate Bivariate |
13461 Pa (post-) | ||||||
Altiner, A (2007) [37] | Germany | PC | GPs, Pa | ≥16 years | 104 GPs (pre-) | Multivariate |
28 GPs + 787 Pa in CG | ||||||
33 GPs + 920 Pa in IG | ||||||
Légaré, F (2010) [38] | Canada | PC | Py | All | 18 Py in IG + 15 Py in IG | Multivariate |
245 Pa in IG + 214 Pa In CG | ||||||
Kiang, KM (2005) [39] | USA | PC | Py, GPs, Ps, Nu, Pa, O | Adults and pediatric patients | 1800 Py | Multivariate |
Mohagheghi, MA (2005) [40] | Iran | PC | GP | Adults | 40 GPs in CG | ___ |
40 GPs in IG | ||||||
Irurzun, C (2005) [41] | Argentina | PC | Py | ≥15 years | 19 Py | Bivariate |
Chalker, J (2005) [42] | Vietnam and Thailand | Pharmacy | Ph | ___ | 124 pharmacies | Multivariate |
Finkelstein, JA (2008) [43] | USA | PC | Py, Pa | ≤6 years | 223 135 person/years | Multivariate |
Chuc, NTK (2002) [44] | Vietnam | Pharmacy | Ph | ___ | 58 pharmacies | Bivariate |
Belongia, EA (2001) [45] | USA | PC | Ps, Pa | Children | 109 Py in IG | Multivariate Univariate |
52 in CG | ||||||
Belongia, EA (2005) [46] | USA | PC | Py, Ps, Pa | ___ | 12790 Py | Multivariate Univariate |
Greene, RA (2004) [47] | USA | PC | Py, Ps | Adults Children | 900 Py and Pa | Bivariate |
Teng, CL (2007) [48] | Malaysia | PC | GPs | ___ | 29 GPs | Bivariate |
Awad, AI (2006) [49] | Sudan | PC | GPs | ___ | 1800 Pa | Bivariate |
Welschen, I (2004) [50] | Netherlands | PC | GPs, Ph, Pa, O | ___ | 89 GPs | Bivariate |
Gonzales, R (2004) [51] | USA | PC | Py, Pa, | Elderly | 51 office practice in CG | Multivariate |
4 office practices in IG | ||||||
Colomina Rodríguez, J (2010) [52] | Spain | PC | Py, Ph, Pa, O | All | ___ | Bivariate |
Hickman, DE (2003) [53] | USA | PC | Py, Nu, Pa | Adults | ___ | Bivariate |
Children | ||||||
Coenen, S (2004) [54] | Belgium | PC | GPs | Adults | 42 GPs in IG | Multivariate Bivariate |
43 GPs in CG | ||||||
Perz, JF (2002) [55] | USA | PC | Py, Ps, Pa | Pediatric patients | 464200 person-years | Multivariate |
Sondergaard, J (2003) [56] | Denmark | PC | Py | ___ | 299 GPs | Bivariate |
Doyne, EO (2004) [57] | USA | PC | Ps, Pa | Pediatric patients | 6 practices - IG | Multivariate |
6 practices - CG | ||||||
Bauchner, H (2006) [58] | USA | PC | Ps | Children (3–36 months) | 1368 Pa - IG | Multivariate Bivariate |
1138 Pa - CG | ||||||
Christakis, DA (2001) [59] | USA | PC | Ps, Nu, O | Children | 16 providers - IG | Bivariate |
12 providers - CG | ||||||
Smabrekke, L (2002) [60] | Norway | PC | Ps, Nu, Pa | Children (1–5 years) | 819 Pa | Bivariate |
Bjerrum, L (2011) [61] | Several | PC | GP | Adults | 47011 | ___ |
Regev-Yochay, G (2011) [62] | Israel | PC | GP | Children | 3636 | Multivariate |
Llor, C (2011) [63] | Spain | PC | GP | ___ | 235 (full) | Univariate Multivariate |
97 (partial) | ||||||
Weiss, K (2011) [64] | Canada | PC | GP | ___ | All GP | Multivariate |
Llor, C (2011) [65] | Spain | PC | GP | Adults (14-60 years) | 10 first patients | ___ |
McKay, RM (2011) [66] | Canada | PC | Py, Ph, O | ___ | ___ | Bivariate |
Deuster, S (2010) [3] | Switzerland | HC | Py | Adults | 292 Pa | Bivariate |
Chang, MT (2006) [67] | Taiwan | HC | GPs | ___ | 5046 Pa (pre-) | Bivariate |
5054 Pa (post-) | ||||||
Naughton, BJ (2001) [68] | USA | HC | Py, Nu | Geriatric patients | 350 episodes | Bivariate |
Lutters, M (2004) [69] | Switzerland | HC | Py | Geriatric patients | 3383 Pa | Bivariate |
Loeb, M (2005) [70] | Canada and USA | HC | Py, Nu | Geriatric patients | 4217 residents | Bivariate |
Lesprit, P (2009) [71] | France | HC | Py | ___ | 786 Pa | Bivariate |
Akter, SFU (2009) [72] | Bangladesh | HC | Py | Pediatric patients | 2171 Pa (pre-) | Bivariate |
1295 Pa (post-) | ||||||
Paul, M (2006) [73] | Israel | HC | Py | Adults | 1203 Pa (pre-) | Bivariate |
Germany | ||||||
Italy | 2326 Pa (post-) (1245 IG and 1801 CG) | |||||
Camins, BC (2009) [74] | USA | HC | Py (internists) | ___ | 784 new prescriptions | Multivariate Bivariate |
Westphal, JF (2010) [75] | France | HC | Py | ___ | 471 cases of pneumonia 104 (pre-); 367 (post-) | Bivariate |
Mullet, CJ (2001) [76] | USA | HC | Ps, Nu | Pediatric > 6 months | 809 Pa (pre-) | Bivariate |
949 Pa (post-) | ||||||
von Gunten, V (2005) [77] | Switzerland | HC | Py | ___ | 1200 Pa | Multivariate Bivariate |
Ansari, F (2003) [78] | UK | HC | Py | ___ | 40 medical and surgical wards | Multivariate |
Kisuule, F (2008) [79] | USA | HC | Py, Nu | ___ | 17 hosp. practitioners | Bivariate |
Halm, EA (2004) [80] | USA | HC | Py, Nu, Pa, O | Adults | 2094 cases | Bivariate |
1013 (pre-) | ||||||
1081 (post-) | ||||||
López-Medrano, F (2005) [81] | Spain | HC | Py | ___ | 1280 treatments | Bivariate |
Agwu, AL (2008) [82] | USA | HC | Py, Ps | Children | ___ | Bivariate |
Barenfanger, J (2001) [83] | USA | HC Pharmacy | Ph | ___ | 378 Pa (188 IG and 190 CG) | Bivariate |
Rϋttiman, S (2004) [84] | Switzerland | HC | Py | Adults | 500 Pa | Bivariate |
Martin, C (2005) [85] | USA | HC | Py | ___ | ___ | ____ |
Solomon, DH (2001) [86] | USA | HC | Py | ___ | 4500 Pa | Bivariate |
Fowler, S (2007) [87] | UK | HC | Py | Elderly ≥ 80 years | 6129 admissions | Multivariate |
Sintchenko, V (2005) [88] | Australia | HC | Py | ___ | 12 internists | Bivariate |
Yong, MK (2010) [89] | Australia | HC | Py | ___ | ___ | Bivariate |
Meyer, E (2010) [90] | Germany | HC | Py | Adults | 4684 Pa (pre-) | Multivariate |
7203 Pa (post-) | ||||||
Thursky, KA (2006) [91] | Australia | HC | Py | Adults | 489 Pa (pre-) | Multivariate |
497 Pa (post-) | ||||||
Petterson, E (2011) [92] | Sweeden | HC | Nu, Py | Elderly | 60 residents | ___ |
Tangden, T (2011) [93] | Sweeden | HC | Py | elderly | ___ | Multivariate |
Bivariate | ||||||
Talpaert, MJ (2011) [94] | UK | HC | Py | Adults | ___ | Multivariate |
Bevilacqua, S (2011) [95] | France | HC | Py | Adults | ___ | Bivariate |
Shen, J (2011) [96] | China | HC | Py | Adults | 354 patients | Multivariate |
Bivariate |
Author (year) | Study design (a) | Program description | Baseline and follow-up | Analysis (e) | Results (f) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disease (b) | Intervention type (c,d) | Baseline | Intervention period | Follow-up | ||||
Dollman, WB (2005) [20] | 1 | URTI | IG: 1, 2, 8 | 5 months | 5 months | ___ | 2 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Hrisos, S (2008) [21] | 4 | URTI | IG1: 3 | ___ | 3 months | ___ | 3 | At/Bh (+) |
IG2: 3 | ||||||||
IG1 + 2: 3 | ||||||||
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Hennessy, TW (2002) [22] | 3 | RTI | IG: 8, 2 | 2 months | 12 months (6 each year of intervention) | 2 months | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Rubin, MA (2005) [23] | 2 | URTI | IG: 1, 2, 8, 9 | 6 months | 6 months | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Naughton, C (2009) [24] | 4 | RTI | IG1: 3, 4 | 12 months | ___ | 12 months | 2, 3 | T (+) (−)a
|
IG2: 3 | Ga (+) (−)a
| |||||||
Chazan, B (2007) [25] | 1 | Infectious disease | IG1: 1, 2 | 4 months | 4 months | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
IG2: 1, 2, 8 | ||||||||
Briel, M (2005) [26] | 4 | ARTI | IG1: 1,2 | ___ | 5 months | ___ | 1 | T (+) |
IG2: 1,2 | ||||||||
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Monette, J (2007) [27] | 4 | Lower RTI | IG: 1, 3 | 3 months | 2 x 3 months | 3 months | 5, 6 | Ga (+) |
UTI | CG: 0 | |||||||
Skin and soft-tissue infections septicemia | ||||||||
Enriquez-Puga, A (2009) [28] | 4 | ___ | IG: 1, 3, 4 | 2 periods of 6 months | 6 months | 24 months | 5, 6 | Ga (−) |
Bjerrum, L (2006) [29] | 2 | RTI | IG: 2, 3, 10 | 3 weeks during 3 months | 3 weeks during 3 months | ___ | 1, 2 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Mcisaac, WJ (2002) [30] | 4 | Sore throat | IG: 1, 5 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 1 | T (−) |
CG: 0 | Ga (−) | |||||||
Wheeler, JG (2001) [31] | 1 | Viral infections | IG: 2, 8, 9 | 1 week | 3 weeks during 3 years | 6 months (qualitative) | 3 | T (−) |
At/Bh (+) | ||||||||
Juzych, NS (2005) [32] | 3 | URTI | IG: 1, 2, 8 | 4.5 months | 4.5 months | ___ | 2, 3 | Pa (+) (−)b
|
CG: 0 | T (+) | |||||||
Smeets, HM (2009) [33] | 2 | RTI | IG: 2, 3, 8 | 6 months | 6 months | 6 months (one year later) | 5, 6 | T (−) |
Ga (−) | ||||||||
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Mandryk, JA (2006) [34] | 1 | URTI | IG: 1, 2, 3, 4 | 33 months | 51 months | ___ | 2 | Ga (+) |
T (+) | ||||||||
Stille, CJ (2008) [35] | 4 | RTI | IG: 1, 2, 8 | --- | --- | 6 months | 1 | At/Bh (+) (−)c
|
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Finkelstein, JA (2001) [36] | 4 |
Otitis media
| IG: 1, 2, 3, 8 | 12 months | 12 months | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
Pharyngitis | CG: 0 | |||||||
Sinusitis | ||||||||
Cold | ||||||||
Bronchitis | ||||||||
Altiner, A (2007) [37] | 4 | Acute cough | IG: 4, 8 | 3 months | ___ | 3 months after 6 weeks 3 months after 1 year after | 5, 6 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Légaré, F (2010) [38] | 4 | Acute RI | IG: 1, 2 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Kiang, KM (2005) [39] | 1 | Respiratory illnesses | IG: 1, 2, 8 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 2, 3 | Ga (+) |
At/Bh (+) | ||||||||
Mohagheghi, MA [40] | 4 | ___ | IG: 2 | 60 months | ___ | 3 months afterwards 1 year afterwards | 2, 3 | T (+) (−)d
|
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Irurzun, C (2005) [41] | 1 | Pharyngitis and tonsillitis | IG: 1, 2, 3, 4, 10 | ___ | 12 months | ___ | 2 | T (+) |
Ga (+) | ||||||||
Chalker, J (2005) [42] | 5 | ___ | IG: 2, 4, 11 | ___ | ___ | 3x3 months (one month after each intervention) | 1 | T (+) (−)e
|
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Finkelstein, JA (2008) [43] | 4 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 3, 8 | 24 months | 6 months during 3 years | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) (−)f
|
CG: 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Chuc, NTK (2002) [44] | 4 | ARTI | IG: 2, 4, 11 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
Qh (+) | ||||||||
Belongia, EA (2001) [45] | 3 | ARTI | IG: 1, 2, 8 | 6 months | ___ | 6 months (every two years) | 7, 8 | T (+) |
Belongia, EA (2005) [46] | 2 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 8, 9 | 12 months | 48 months | ___ | 3, 4 | T (+) (−)g
|
Greene, RA (2004) [47] | 1 | Acute sinusitis | IG: 1, 2, 3, 13 | 22 months | 14 months | ___ | 2 | Ga (+) |
T (+) | ||||||||
Teng, CL (2007) [48] | 2 | URTI and others | IG: 1, 2, 4 | 3 months | ___ | 3 months | 2 | T (+) |
Awad, AI (2006) [49] | 4 | ___ | CG: 0 | ___ | ___ | 1 and 3 months afterwards | 2, 3 | T (+)h
|
IG1: 1, 3 | Ga (+) | |||||||
IG2: 2, 3 | ||||||||
IG3: 3, 4 | ||||||||
Welschen, I (2004) [50] | 4 | ARTI | IG: 1, 2, 3, 8 | 3 months | ___ | 3 months | 2, 3 | T (+) |
Gonzales, R (2004) [51] | 2 | ARTI | IG: 1, 8 | 4 months | 4 months (study period) | 2, 3 | T (+) (−)i
| |
Colomina Rodríguez, J (2010) [52] | 1 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 6, 8 | 48 months | 36 months | 24 months | 5 | T (+) |
Ga (+) | ||||||||
Hickman, DE (2003) [53] | 4 | Acute bronchitis | IG: 1, 2, 8 | 6 months | ___ | 6 months | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Coenen, S (2004) [54] | 4 | Acute cough | IG: 1, 4 | 3 months | 1 month (without outcomes) | ___ | 2,3 | T (+) |
IG: 0 | Ga (+) (−)j
| |||||||
Perz, JF (2002) [55] | 1 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 8, 9 | 12 months | 12 months | 12 months | 5,6 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Sondergaard, J (2003) [56] | 4 | RTI | IG: 1, 3 | 3 periods of 3 months | 3 periods of 3 months | 3 months (not shown) | 2,3 | T (−) |
CG: 1 | Ga (−) | |||||||
Doyne, EO (2004) [57] | 4 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 3, 8 | 12 months | 12 months | ___ | 2,3 | T (+) (−)k
|
CG1: 1, 3 | ||||||||
CG: 1 | ||||||||
Bauchner, H (2006) [58] | 5 | Acute otitis media
| IG: 1, 2, 3 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 1 | Ga (+) (−)L
|
CG: 2 | ||||||||
Christakis, DA (2001) [59] | 4 | Acute otitis media
| IG: 6 | 7 months | 8 months | ___ | 2,3 | T (−) |
CG: 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Småbrekke, L (2002) [60] | 2 | Acute otitis media
| IG: 1, 2, 8 | 4 months | 4 months | ___ | 2,3 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Bjerrum, L (2011) [61] | 1 | RTI | IG = 2, 3, 9, 10 | 3 weeks (x2years) | 3 weeks (x1 year) | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
Ga (+) | ||||||||
Regev-Yochay, G (2011) [62] | 4 | ___ | IG = 2 | 2 years | 1 year | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG = 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Llor, C (2011) [63] | 4 | Pharyngitis | IG1 = 2, 8, 10 | 15 days | 15 days | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
IG2 = 2, 8, 10 (sem) | ||||||||
Weiss, K (2011) [64] | 1 | ___ | IG = 1 | 2 years | 7 years | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
CG = 0 | ||||||||
Llor, C (2011) [65] | 4 | Acute pharyngitis | IG = 1, 10 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 1 | Ga (+) |
CG = 1 | ||||||||
McKay, RM (2011) [66] | 1 | ___ | IG = 1, 2, 8, 9 | 9 years | 3 years | ___ | 2 | Pa (+) (−)m
|
Interventions in hospital care professionals
Author (year)
|
Study design (a)
|
Program description
|
Baseline and follow-up
|
Analysis (d)
|
Results (e)
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disease | Intervention type (b, c) | Baseline | Intervention period | Follow-up | ||||
Deuster, S (2010) [3] | 1 | Most common hospital infections | IG: 1, 2 | 8 weeks | 8 weeks | 8 weeks (1 year after) | 5 | Ga (+) (−)a
|
Chang, MT (2006) [67] | 1 | ___ | IG: 1, 7 | 3 months | 3 months | ___ | 2 | T (+) |
Ga (+) | ||||||||
Naughton, BJ (2001) [68] | 4 | Pneumonia | IG: 1, 2 | 6 months | 6 months | ___ | 2, 3 | T (−) |
CG: 1, 2 | ||||||||
Lutters, M (2004) [69] | 1 | RTI and UTI | IG: 1, 2, 4 | 12 months | 24 months | ___ | 2 | T (+) |
Ga (+) | ||||||||
Loeb, M (2005) [70] | 4 | UTI | IG: 1, 2, 4 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 1 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Lesprit, P (2009) [71] | 2 | Various | IG: 1, 2, 12 | ___ | 8 weeks | ___ | 1 | Ga (+) |
CG: 1, 2 | ||||||||
Akter, SFU (2009) [72] | 2 | Common pediatric infections | IG: 2 | 4 months | 4 months | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
Ga (+) | ||||||||
Paul, M (2006) [73] | 5 | ___ | IG: 6 | 7 months | 7 months | ___ | 1, 2 | Ga (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Camins, BC (2009) [74] | 4 | ___ | IG: 1, 3, 4 | ___ | 10 months | ___ | 1 | Ga (+) |
CG: 1 (guidelines) | ||||||||
Westphal, JF (2010) [75] | 1 | Pneumonia | IG: 2, 5, 6 | 18 months | 54 months | ___ | 2 | Ga (+) (−)b
|
Mullet, CJ (2001) [76] | 1 | ___ | IG: 6 | 6 months | 6 months | ___ | 2 | T (+) (−)c
|
Ga (+) | ||||||||
von Gunten, V (2005) [77] | 5 | ___ | IGB: 1 | 6 months | 6 months | ___ | 2, 3 | T (+) |
IGC: 1, 2, 12 | Ga (+) | |||||||
CGA: 0 | ||||||||
Ansari, F (2003) [78] | 1 | ___ | IG: 12 | 24 months | 24 months | ___ | 2 | Ga (+) (−)d
|
T (+) | ||||||||
Kisuule, F (2008) [79] | 1 | ___ | IG: 1, 3, 4 | Period until 20 prescriptions | 2 months | 1 month | 2 | Ga (+) |
Halm, EA (2004) [80] | 1 | Pneumonia | IG: 1, 2, 8, 9 | 5 months | --- | 5 months | 2 | Ga (+) |
López-Medrano, F (2005) [81] | 1 | ___ | IG: 12 | 12 months | 12 months | ___ | 2 | T (+) |
Ga (+) | ||||||||
Agwu, AL (2008) [82] | 1 | ___ | IG: 6, 12 | 12 months | 12 months | ___ | 2 | Ga (+) |
Barenfanger, J (2001) [83] | 4 | ___ | IG: 6 | ___ | 5 months | ___ | 1 | T (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Rüttiman, S (2004) [84] | 1 | ___ | IG: 1, 2, 3 | ___ | ___ | ___ | 2 | T (+) Ga (+) |
Martin, C (2005) [85] | 1 | Pneumonia | IG: 1, 2 | ___ | 60 months | ___ | 2 | Ga (+) |
Meningitis | ||||||||
UTI | ||||||||
Solomon, DH (2001) [86] | 4 | ___ | IG: 1, 3, 4, 12 | 4 weeks | 18 weeks | ___ | 2, 3 | Ga (+) |
CG: 0 | ||||||||
Fowler, S (2007) [87] | 1 | ___ | IG: 1, 3 | 21 months | 21 months | ___ | 2 | Ga (+) |
Sintchenko, V (2005) [88] | 1 | Intensive care | IG: 6 | 6 months | 6 months | ___ | 2 | T (+) Ga (+) |
Yong, MK (2010) [89] | 1 | Intensive care | IG: 6 | 30 months | 54 months | ___ | 2 | Ga (+) |
Meyer, E (2010) [90] | 1 | Intensive care | IG: 2 | 24 months | 36 months | ___ | 2 | T (+) |
Thursky, KA (2006) [91] | 1 | Intensive care | IG: 2, 6 | 6 months | 6 months | ___ | 2 | T (+) Ga (+) |
Petterson, E (2011) [92] | 4 | UTI | IG = 1, 2, 3 | 3 months | 3 months | 2, 3 | T (+) | |
CG = 0 | Ga (+) | |||||||
Tangden, T (2011) [93] | 1 | Pneumonia (Intravenous) | IG = 1, 2 | 7 years | 2.5 years | 3 | T (+) | |
Ga (+) (−)e
| ||||||||
Talpaert, MJ (2011) [94] | 1 | ___ | IG = 2 | 12 months | 12 months | 3 | T (+) (−)f
| |
Bevilacqua, S (2011) [95] | 2 | ___ | IG = 3, 7, 12 | 12 months | 12 months | 2, 3 | Ga (+) | |
CG = 0 | ||||||||
Shen, J (2011) [96] | 2 | Bronchitis | IG = 12 | 10 months | 1 | Ga (+) | ||
Community acquired pneumonia | CG = 0 | |||||||
Acute exacerbation of COPD |
Studies design
Author (year) | Title of study | Study objectives | Inclusion criteria | Methods | Number of studies included | Review period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
van der Velden (2012) [13] | Effectiveness of physician-targeted interventions to improve antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections | To assess the effectiveness of physician-targeted interventions aiming to improve antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections in primary care, and to identify intervention features mostly contributing to intervention success. | Studies with an intervention primarily targeted at physicians in a primary care setting aiming to improve antibiotic prescribing for RTIs, conducted in a high-income country, presenting a standardized outcome of (first choice) prescription measured in defined daily dosage, prescription or rates. | Systematic review of studies published in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Quantitative analysis to assess the association between effectiveness rates and intervention features. | 58 | January 1990 through July 2009 |
Charani, E (2011) [12] | Behaviour Change Strategies to Influence Antimicrobial Prescribing in Acute Care: A Systematic Review | To assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial prescribing interventions that either alone or in combination, aim to influence behaviors in acute care. | Effective Practice and Organization of Care (EPOC) model was adapted to include additional criteria for review of uncontrolled studies. Studies were included only if they were conducted in countries defined as having a developed health care system. | Systematic review of studies published in MEDLINE, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), Business Source Complete, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) and Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC) | 10 | January 1999 through April 2011 |
Tonkin-Crine, S (2011) [97] | Antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in primary care: a systematic review and meta-ethnography. | To evaluate general practitioners’ perceptions about antibiotic prescribing, and interventions aimed at prudent prescribing. | Studies that used qualitative methods and analysis. | Meta-synthesis of qualitative research examining GP attitudes and experiences of antibiotic prescribing, and interventions aimed at more prudent prescribing for ARTI. | 12 | 1950-May 2011 |
Kaki, R (2011) [11] | Impact of antimicrobial stewardship in critical care: a systematic review. | To evaluate the evidence for antimicrobial stewardship interventions in the critical care unit. | Studies that evaluate the effectiveness of application of any intervention to improve antimicrobial utilization and within an intensive care setting, using a modified Cochrane Registry EPOC Database inclusion criteria. | Systematic review of studies published in OVID MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane databases | 24 | January 1996 through December 2010 |
Boonacker, CWB (2010) [10] | Interventions in health care professionals to improve treatment in children with upper respiratory tract infections. | To analyze which strategies are used to promote evidence-based interventions in the management of children with URTI and assess the related effectiveness and costs. | Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials and controlled before/after studies using implementation methods to change health care professionals’ attitudes to the treatment of children with URTI and investigate the effectiveness of implementation strategies. | Systematic review of studies published in Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. | 17 | Last search, February 2009 |
Steinman, MA (2006) [9] | Improving antibiotic selection. A systematic review and quantitative analysis of quality improvement strategies. | To assess which interventions are most effective in improving the prescribing of recommended antibiotics for acute outpatient infections. | Clinical trials with contemporaneous or strict historical controls that reported data on antibiotic selection in acute outpatient infections | Systematic review with quantitative analysis of the EPOC Database, supplemented by MEDLINE and hand-searches | 24 | Last search, November 2004 |