Background
Methods
Study population
Country (response rate in %; N) | Education (upper secondary or higher, %) | Emotional support (existence of a confidant, %) | Self-rated health (good or very good, %) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
Austria (60.4; 1,993) | 70.5 | 68.3 | 90.3 | 91.8 | 76.6 | 74.7 |
Belgium (59.2; 1,511) | 67.8 | 61.9 | 86.2 | 85.7 | 78.6 | 73.7 |
Czech Rep. (43.3; 1,183) | 93.8 | 81.4 | 85.9 | 85.3 | 57.2 | 46.1 |
Denmark (67.5; 1,301) | 82.1 | 76.7 | 91.7 | 94.2 | 78.7 | 75.6 |
Finland (73.2; 1,670) | 61.8 | 62.2 | 87.2 | 92.7 | 63.2 | 62.1 |
France (43.1; 1,321) | 46.9 | 43.8 | 86.0 | 88.1 | 61.5 | 55.9 |
Germany (57.1; 2,525) | 94.9 | 85.2 | 94.5 | 96.5 | 57.7 | 55.5 |
Greece (80.0; 2,290) | 44.6 | 36.1 | 91.5 | 90.9 | 77.2 | 65.6 |
Hungary (69.9; 1,436) | 37.2 | 38.5 | 90.9 | 92.6 | 42.7 | 35.4 |
Ireland (64.5; 1,753) | 52.4 | 53.9 | 90.1 | 93.1 | 84.7 | 81.9 |
Israel (71.0; 1,920) | 79.0 | 82.3 | 90.2 | 91.8 | 72.3 | 65.7 |
Italy (43.7; 1,073) | 44.3 | 40.5 | 74.3 | 80.9 | 66.8 | 56.4 |
Luxembourg (43.9; 1,182) | 65.9 | 56.0 | 84.6 | 90.4 | 69.1 | 59.3 |
Netherlands (67.9; 2,170) | 62.8 | 52.4 | 92.9 | 94.6 | 76.3 | 71.8 |
Norway (65.0; 1,810) | 84.3 | 83.0 | 94.9 | 96.4 | 76.5 | 70.0 |
Poland (73.2; 1,639) | 40.5 | 47.6 | 86.8 | 87.5 | 53.2 | 42.2 |
Portugal (68.8; 1,312) | 20.8 | 20.2 | 90.5 | 88.7 | 54.1 | 38.8 |
Sweden (69.5; 1,713) | 51.0 | 51.6 | 89.2 | 93.3 | 74.9 | 68.4 |
Slovenia (70.5; 1,252) | 77.1 | 65.6 | 90.9 | 86.7 | 58.5 | 44.2 |
Spain (53.2; 1,517) | 42.8 | 37.8 | 89.6 | 90.7 | 65.9 | 57.1 |
Switzerland (33.5; 1,860) | 89.3 | 81.9 | 96.7 | 95.3 | 86.3 | 81.3 |
UK (60.6; 1,832) | 48.6 | 43.3 | 89.4 | 93.5 | 72.5 | 71.3 |
Variables
Statistical methods
Results
Education and emotional support
Country | Men (n = 16,763) | Women (n = 19,006) |
---|---|---|
Austria |
2.85 (1.79–4.53)
|
3.02 (1.85–4.91)
|
Belgium | 1.38 (0.89–2.14) |
1.71 (1.07–2.73)
|
Czech Rep. |
2.80 (1.28–4.15)
|
1.91 (1.09–3.35)
|
Denmark | 1.53 (0.80–2.93) | 1.03 (0.48–2.20) |
Finland | 1.53 (0.97–2.41) | 1.38 (0.75–2.54) |
France |
2.43 (1.42–4.17)
| 1.71 (0.99–2.95) |
Germany |
5.03 (2.54–9.95)
| 1.68 (0.83–3.43) |
Greece | 0.65 (0.39–1.09) |
1.65 (1.02–2.68)
|
Hungary |
2.28 (1.21–4.30)
| 1.63 (0.85–3.11) |
Ireland | 1.62 (0.96–2.73) |
2.52 (1.41–4.51)
|
Israel | 1.54 (0.91–2.61) |
3.12 (1.86–5.24)
|
Italy |
2.37 (1.48–3.78)
|
1.64 (1.00–2.70)
|
Luxembourg |
2.24 (1.38–3.65)
| 1.59 (0.86–2.95) |
Netherlands |
1.69 (1.00–2.84)
|
1.89 (1.02–3.51)
|
Norway | 0.98 (0.46–2.10) | 2.04 (0.85–4.86) |
Poland | 1.40 (0.90–2.19) |
2.02 (1.25–3.27)
|
Portugal | 1.71 (0.68–4.26) | 1.39 (0.65–2.95) |
Spain |
4.90 (2.79–10.59)
| 1.81 (0.85–3.86) |
Sweden | 1.43 (0.90–2.28) | 1.80 (0.92–3.53) |
Slovenia |
2.20 (1.16–4.17)
|
2.38 (1.43–3.94)
|
Switzerland | 2.37 (0.96–5.83) |
2.30 (1.16–4.55)
|
UK | 1.07 (0.67–1.70) |
1.89 (1.01–3.54)
|
Emotional support and self-rated health
Country | Men (n = 16,832) | Women (n = 19,094) |
---|---|---|
Austria |
1.78 (1.08–2.92)
| 1.55 (0.94–2.55) |
Belgium |
1.61 (1.01–2.57)
|
2.78 (1.78–4.36)
|
Czech Rep. | 1.65 (0.97–2.82) |
3.13 (1.67–5.87)
|
Denmark | 1.19 (0.63–2.25) |
2.55 (1.27–5.12)
|
Finland |
1.62 (1.04–2.51)
|
1.85 (1.01–3.40)
|
France |
2.22 (1.37–3.65)
| 1.47 (0.88–2.43) |
Germany |
2.05 (1.24–3.40)
|
4.57 (2.22–9.43)
|
Greece | 1.03 (0.56–1.88) | 1.04 (0.67–1.61) |
Hungary |
2.56 (1.33–4.96)
| 1.43 (0.74–2.77) |
Ireland | 1.24 (0.66–2.30) |
1.99 (1.12–3.56)
|
Israel | 1.51 (0.90–2.52) |
2.12 (1.22–3.68)
|
Italy |
2.08 (1.32–3.29)
| 1.07 (0.67–1.69) |
Luxembourg |
2.17 (1.32–3.55)
| 1.68 (0.96–2.94) |
Netherlands |
2.96 (1.75–5.01)
| 1.35 (0.78–2.32) |
Norway | 1.47 (0.79–2.74) | 1.32 (0.60–2.89) |
Poland | 1.30 (0.83–2.04) |
2.23 (1.32–3.77)
|
Portugal |
2.26 (1.14–4.49)
|
2.21 (1.18–4.16)
|
Spain | 1.44 (0.82–2.53) |
3.14 (1.70–5.77)
|
Sweden |
1.70 (1.07–2.70)
|
1.93 (1.07–3.50)
|
Slovenia | 1.60 (0.88–2.92) | 1.72 (0.99–2.98) |
Switzerland | 1.36 (0.54–3.44) | 1.80 (0.90–3.60) |
UK |
1.92 (1.19–3.09)
| 1.65 (0.94–2.87) |
Education, emotional support and self-rated health
Country | Adjusted for age | Adjusted for age and emotional support | Change (%)** |
---|---|---|---|
Austria | 1.05 (0.73–1.49) | 0.97 (0.68–1.40) | |
Belgium |
1.65 (1.22–2.40)
|
1.62 (1.12–2.37)
| -5 |
Czech Rep. | 0.99 (0.43–2.25) | 0.89 (0.39–2.06) | |
Denmark | 1.28 (0.80–2.04) | 1.27 (0.80–2.03) | |
Finland |
1.92 (1.39–2.66)
|
1.89 (1.36–2.62)
| -3 |
France |
1.65 (1.15–2.35)
|
1.54 (1.08–2.21)
| -17 |
Germany | 1.47 (0.85–2.52) | 1.32 (0.76–2.28) | |
Greece |
1.90 (1.25–2.87)
|
1.90 (1.26–2.88)
| 0 |
Hungary |
2.12 (1.48–3.03)
|
2.05 (1.43–2.93)
| -6 |
Ireland |
2.26 (1.43–3.58)
|
2.25 (1.42–3.56)
| -1 |
Israel |
1.80 (1.22–2.64)
|
1.77 (1.20–2.60)
| -4 |
Italy |
1.56 (1.01–2.41)
| 1.43 (0.92–2.20) | -23 |
Luxembourg |
2.11 (1.42–3.15)
|
1.97 (1.31–2.95)
| -13 |
Netherlands |
2.45 (1.77–3.38)
|
2.39 (1.73–3.31)
| -4 |
Norway | 1.38 (0.92–2.07) | 1.38 (0.92–2.07) | |
Poland |
2.24 (1.63–3.08)
|
2.23 (1.62–3.06)
| -1 |
Portugal |
3.00 (1.78–5.04)
|
2.94 (1.79–4.96)
| -3 |
Spain |
1.52 (1.02–2.26)
|
1.48 (1.00–2.21)
| -8 |
Sweden | 1.20 (0.87–1.70) | 1.18 (0.85–1.64) | |
Slovenia |
1.78 (1.16–2.72)
|
1.71 (1.14–2.62)
| -9 |
Switzerland | 1.68 (0.96–2.92) | 1.66 (0.95–2.89) | |
UK | 1.12 (0.81–1.54) | 1.12 (0.81–1.55) |
Country | Adjusted for age | Adjusted for age and emotional support | Change (%)** |
---|---|---|---|
Austria |
1.71 (1.25–2.37)
|
1.67 (1.20–2.30)
| -6 |
Belgium |
2.09 (1.43–3.04)
|
1.97 (1.35–2.90)
| -11 |
Czech Rep. |
2.55 (1.43–4.53)
|
2.39 (1.33–4.29)
| -10 |
Denmark |
2.09 (1.37–3.20)
|
2.11 (1.38–3.24)
| +2 |
Finland |
1.70 (1.19–2.42)
|
1.68 (1.18–2.40)
| -3 |
France |
2.17 (1.55–3.05)
|
2.15 (1.53–3.01)
| -2 |
Germany |
1.97 (1.39–2.80)
|
1.93 (1.36–2.76)
| -4 |
Greece |
2.30 (1.68–3.16)
|
2.31 (1.68–3.16)
| +1 |
Hungary |
2.84 (2.02–3.99)
|
2.82 (2.00–3.97)
| -1 |
Ireland |
1.48 (1.03–2.15)
| 1.43 (0.98–2.07) | -10 |
Israel |
1.56 (1.05–2.32)
| 1.45 (0.97–2.19) | -20 |
Italy | 1.33 (0.91–1.96) | 1.33 (0.90–1.95) | |
Luxembourg |
1.54 (1.07–2.21)
|
1.50 (1.04–2.17)
| -7 |
Netherlands | 1.10 (0.85–1.46) | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) | |
Norway |
1.85 (1.21–2.82)
|
1.85 (1.20–2.80)
| 0 |
Poland |
2.42 (1.77–3.31)
|
2.33 (1.70–3.19)
| -6 |
Portugal |
2.29 (1.48–3.53)
|
2.26 (1.46–3.49)
| -2 |
Spain | 1.28 (0.88–1.86) | 1.25 (0.86–1.81) | |
Sweden |
1.69 (1.20–2.38)
|
1.65 (1.17–2.37)
| -6 |
Slovenia |
2.30 (1.56–3.40)
|
2.23 (1.51–3.31)
| -5 |
Switzerland |
2.47 (1.65–3.70)
|
2.42 (1.61–3.62)
| -3 |
UK | 1.25 (0.91–1.72) | 1.23 (0.90–1.70) |