Background
Methods
Sample
Measurement point | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 % (N) | T2 drop-out % (N) | T2 participants % (N) | Cohen's w
2
| ||
Total | 100 (1850) | 100 (1006) | 100 (844) | ||
Gender | Males | 48.6 (899) | 53.5 (583) | 42.8 (361) | 0.107 |
Females | 51.4 (951) | 46.5 (468) | 57.2 (483) | ||
Age | Mean (SD) | 14.9 (0.62) | 18.8 (0.55) | 18.8 (0.55) | |
Respondents' education level | Grammar | 23.8 (440) | 19.1 (193) | 29.3 (247) | 0.224 |
Specialised secondary | 43.4 (802) | 41.7 (420) | 45.3 (382) | ||
Apprentice | 32.7 (608) | 39.1 (393) | 25.5 (215) | ||
Current employment status | Student | n.a. | n.a. | 66.3 (558) | n.a. |
Employed | n.a. | n.a. | 12.6 (106) | ||
Unemployed | n.a. | n.a. | 21.1 (178) | ||
Parents' highest occupational level | High | 29.8 (538) | 29.0 (283) | 30.8 (255) | 0.052 |
Medium | 36.2 (653) | 34.8 (339) | 37.9 (314) | ||
Low | 33.9 (612) | 36.2 (353) | 31.3 (259) | ||
Parents' highest education level | High | 26.0 (477) | 25.7 (255) | 26.4 (222) | 0.042 |
Medium | 49.7 (910) | 48.3 (479) | 51.2 (431) | ||
Low | 24.3 (445) | 25.9 (257) | 22.4 (188) |
participants at T1 % (N) | drop-out at T2 % (N) | participants at T2 % (N) | Cohen's w
1
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Smoking | 23.9 (214) | 26.1 (140) | 20.6 (74) | 0.064 |
Alcohol | 12.8 (115) | 12.7 (68) | 13.0 (47) | 0.005 | |
Marijuana | 7.3 (65) | 9.3 (50) | 4.2 (15) | 0.098 | |
No sport | 9.1 (82) | 7.1 (38) | 12.2 (44) | 0.087 | |
Females | Smoking | 18.2(173) | 18.6 (87) | 17.8 (86) | 0.010 |
Alcohol | 8.3(79) | 7.9 (37) | 8.7 (42) | 0.014 | |
Marijuana | 5.5 (52) | 5.2 (25) | 5.8 (27) | 0.013 | |
No sport | 26.7 (254) | 26.5 (128) | 26.9 (126) | 0.005 |
Indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP)
Measures of health-risk behaviour
Statistical analysis
Results
Changes in HRB between age 15 (T1) and 19 (T2)
Smoking | T1% | T2% | Sig.1
| model 1 OR | 95 % CI | p | model 2 OR | 95 % CI | p | model 3 OR | 95 % CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Respondents' education level |
Grammar
| 3.0 | 23.8 | 0.000 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| 1 | ||||
Specialised
| 18.3 | 36.4 | 0.000 |
7.32
| (2.16–24.7) |
1.85
| (1.04–3.20) | 1.27 | (0.69–2.31) | ||||
Apprentice
| 40.6 | 50.0 | 0.064 |
22.30
| (6.63–74.9) |
3.21
| (1.77–5.82) | 1.34 | (0.68–2.66) | ||||
Current employment status |
Student
| 13.7 | 31.1 | 0.000 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| 1 | ||||
Employed
| 31.3 | 59.4 | 0.004 |
2.87
| (1.26–6.55) |
3.23
| (1.53–6.88) | 2.65 | (1.15–6.13) | ||||
Unemployed
| 43.8 | 50.0 | 0.481 |
4.90
| (2.66–8.99) |
2.21
| (1.27–3.87) | 1.11 | (0.56–2.18) | ||||
Parents' highest education level |
High
| 12.7 | 28.9 | 0.001 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| 1 | ||||
Medium
| 21.2 | 39.0 | 0.000 |
1.84
| (0.93–3.64) |
1.78
| (1.04–2.98) | 1.57 | (0.87–2.82) | ||||
Low
| 28.8 | 41.2 | 0.064 |
2.77
| (1.28–5.98) |
1.84
| (0.96–3.49) | 1.30 | (0.63–2.71) | ||||
Parents' highest occupational level |
High
| 12.4 | 27.5 | 0.000 |
1
|
2
| 1 | 1 | |||||
Medium
| 23.0 | 40.0 | 0.000 |
2.11
| (1.07–4.13) | 1.59 | (0.93–2.65) | 1.27 | (0.71–2.29) | ||||
Low
| 24.7 | 41.1 | 0.003 |
2.32
| (1.14–4.73) | 1.72 | (0.98–3.03) | 1.34 | (0.71–2.54) | ||||
Alcohol consumption
| T1% | T2% | Sig.1
| model 1 OR | 95 % CI | model 2 OR | 95 % CI | model 3 OR | 95 % CI | ||||
Respondents' education level |
Grammar
| 11.9 | 26.7 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Specialised
| 14.3 | 33.8 | 0.000 | 1.24 | (0.58–2.63) | 1.40 | (0.80–2.43) | 1.37 | (0.78–2.41) | ||||
Apprentice
| 12.3 | 37.7 | 0.000 | 1.04 | (0.44–2.39) | 1.66 | (0.92–3.00) | 1.68 | (0.51–5.58) | ||||
Current employment status |
Student
| 12.9 | 29.9 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Employed
| 6.3 | 46.9 | 0.000 | 0.45 | (0.10–1.97) | 2.07 | (0.98–4.34) | 2.25 | (0.99–4.77) | ||||
Unemployed
| 17.2 | 39.1 | 0.000 | 1.40 | (0.67–2.95) | 1.50 | (0.85–2.65) | 1.45 | (0.82–2.58) | ||||
Parents highest education level |
High
| 8.8 | 32.2 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Medium
| 14.6 | 31.6 | 0.000 | 1.77 | (0.80–3.92) | 1.00 | (0.60–1.68) | 0.94 | (0.56–1.59) | ||||
Low
| 15.1 | 34.0 | 0.004 | 1.83 | (0.72–4.68) | 1.09 | (0.58–2.06) | 1.02 | (0.53–1.95) | ||||
Parents highest occupational level |
High
| 9.9 | 32.4 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Medium
| 16.2 | 32.4 | 0.002 | 1.75 | (0.82–3.71) | 0.97 | (0.58–1.64) | 0.90 | (0.53–1.54) | ||||
Low
| 9.3 | 34.2 | 0.000 | 0.93 | (0.37–2.31) | 1.08 | (0.62–1.91) | 1.09 | (0.62–1.94) | ||||
Marijuana use
| T1% | T2% | Sig.1
| model 1 OR | 95 % CI | model 2 OR | 95 % CI | model 3 OR | 95 % CI | ||||
Respondents' education level |
Grammar
| 1.0 | 25.7 | 0.009 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| 1 | ||||
Specialised
| 2.6 | 39.6 | 0.000 |
2.67
| (0.29–24.2) |
1.89
| (1.09–3.28) | 1.84 | (1.05–3.22) | ||||
Apprentice
| 9.4 | 42.9 | 0.000 |
10.42
| (1.31–82.9) |
2.16
| (1.20–3.90) | 1.79 | (0.97–3.29) | ||||
Current employment status |
Student
| 3.8 | 33.0 | 0.000 | 1 |
1
|
2
| 1 | |||||
Employed
| 3.1 | 43.8 | 0.000 | 0.82 | (0.99–4.77) |
1.58
| (0.75–3.33) | 1.65 | (0.77–3.52) | ||||
Unemployed
| 6.3 | 49.2 | 0.000 | 1.69 | (0.51–5.58) |
1.97
| (1.13–3.44) | 1.93 | (1.00–3.43) | ||||
Parents highest education level |
High
| 2.0 | 30.6 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Medium
| 5.4 | 41.2 | 0.000 | 2.86 | (0.61–13.3) | 1.53 | (0.91–2.55) | 1.42 | (0.84–2.41) | ||||
Low
| 2.7 | 35.4 | 0.000 | 1.41 | (0.19–10.2) | 1.30 | (0.68–2.45) | 1.28 | (0.66–2.45) | ||||
Parents highest occupational level |
High
| 2.5 | 30.4 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Medium
| 5.1 | 40.0 | 0.000 | 2.13 | (0.54–8.44) | 1.59 | (0.95–2.66) | 1.52 | (0.89–2.58) | ||||
Low
| 3.1 | 36.1 | 0.000 | 1.26 | (0.25–6.36) | 1.25 | (0.70–2.20) | 1.24 | (0.69–2.21) | ||||
Insufficient physical activity
| T1% | T2% | Sig.1
| model 1 OR | 95 % CI | model 2 OR | 95 % CI | model 3 OR | 95 % CI | ||||
Respondents' education level |
Grammar
| 5.0 | 21.8 | 0.001 |
1
|
2
| 1 | 1 | |||||
Specialised
| 15.6 | 31.2 | 0.000 |
3.55
| (1.31–9.63) | 1.63 | (0.91–2.91) | 1.39 | (0.76–2.53) | ||||
Apprentice
| 14.2 | 29.5 | 0.006 |
3.17
| (1.11–9.06) | 1.50 | (0.80–2.83) | 1.31 | (0.68–2.50) | ||||
Current employment status |
Student
| 11.4 | 27.0 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Employed
| 15.6 | 34.4 | 0.046 | 1.44 | (0.52–4.03) | 1.42 | (0.65–3.09) | 1.35 | (0.60–3.02) | ||||
Unemployed
| 14.1 | 29.7 | 0.031 | 1.28 | (0.57–2.84) | 1.14 | (0.63–2.08) | 1.10 | (0.59–2.05) | ||||
Parents' highest education level |
High
| 10.8 | 27.3 | 0.002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Medium
| 11.4 | 30.9 | 0.000 | 1.06 | (0.49–2.30) | 1.18 | (0.69–2.04) | 1.18 | (0.68–2.06) | ||||
Low
| 15.1 | 22.9 | 0.006 | 1.47 | (0.60–3.60) | 0.91 | (0.46–1.81) | 0.84 | (0.41–1.71) | ||||
Parents' highest occupational level |
High
| 9.9 | 26.5 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Medium
| 14.0 | 29.9 | 0.000 | 1.48 | (0.68–3.18) | 1.19 | (0.69–2.05) | 1.13 | (0.65–1.96) | ||||
Low
| 11.3 | 24.7 | 0.021 | 1.16 | (0.49–2.76) | 0.79 | (0.43–1.47) | 0.76 | (0.40–1.45) |
Smoking
| T1% | T2% | Sig.1
| model 1 OR | 95 % CI | p | model 2 OR | 95 % CI | p | model 3 OR | 95 % CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Respondents' education level |
Grammar
| 14.4 | 38.4 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Specialised
| 17.5 | 40.5 | 0.000 | 1.27 | (0.71–2.25) | 1.10 | (0.71–1.68) | 1.04 | (0.66–1.63) | ||||
Apprentice
| 22.9 | 45.9 | 0.000 | 1.77 | (0.93–3.37) | 1.36 | (0.82–2.25) | 1.19 | (0.70–2.03) | ||||
Current employment status |
Student
| 14.3 | 35.4 | 0.000 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| |||
Employed
| 18.9 | 50.7 | 0.000 |
1.40
| (0.72–2.73) |
1.88
| (1.19–3.15) |
1.84
| (1.06–3.17) | ||||
Unemployed
| 26.3 | 50.0 | 0.000 |
2.14
| (1.26–3.64) |
1.83
| (1.18–2.83) |
1.55
| (0.97–2.48) | ||||
Parents' highest education level |
High
| 18.3 | 48.1 | 0.000 | 1 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| ||||
Medium
| 18.7 | 38.8 | 0.000 | 1.03 | (0.58–1.80) |
0.65
| (0.42–1.01) |
0.61
| (0.38–0.98) | ||||
Low
| 14.8 | 37.0 | 0.000 | 0.77 | (0.39–1.54) |
0.59
| (0.34–0.99) |
0.59
| (0.34–1.03) | ||||
Parents' highest occupational level |
High
| 20.1 | 49.6 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Medium
| 17.4 | 39.0 | 0.000 | 0.84 | (0.47–1.48) | 0.68 | (0.43–1.08) | 0.69 | (0.42–1.12) | ||||
Low
| 16.7 | 36.5 | 0.000 | 0.79 | (0.44–1.43) | 0.63 | (0.40–1.01) | 0.64 | (0.39–1.06) | ||||
Alcohol consumption
| T1% | T2% | Sig.1
| model 1 OR | 95 % CI | model 2 OR | 95 % CI | model 3 OR | 95 % CI | ||||
Respondents' education level |
Grammar
| 9.6 | 24.7 | 0.001 | 1 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| ||||
Specialised
| 9.2 | 18.9 | 0.002 | 0.96 | (0.47–1.95) |
0.71
| (0.43–1.17) |
0.72
| (0.43–1.19) | ||||
Apprentice
| 6.4 | 11.0 | 0.332 | 0.65 | (0.25–1.66) |
0.38
| (0.19–0.77) |
0.39
| (0.19–0.78) | ||||
Current employment status |
Student
| 10.2 | 19.1 | 0.002 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Employed
| 2.7 | 21.6 | 0.001 | 0.24 | (0.06–1.05) | 1.17 | (0.63–2.18) | 1.24 | (0.66–2.32) | ||||
Unemployed
| 8.8 | 16.7 | 0.078 | 0.85 | (0.40–1.79) | 0.85 | (0.48–1.50) | 0.85 | (0.48–1.52) | ||||
Parents highest education level |
High
| 14.2 | 25.4 | 0.021 | 1 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| ||||
Medium
| 7.3 | 19.2 | 0.001 | 0.48 | (0.23–0.97) |
0.59
| (0.35–0.99) |
0.61
| (0.36–1.03) | ||||
Low
| 6.1 | 13.6 | 0.096 | 0.39 | (0.16–1.01) |
0.41
| (0.21–0.81) |
0.43
| (0.22–0.85) | ||||
Parents highest occupational level |
High
| 14.9 | 26.7 | 0.040 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| 1 | ||||
Medium
| 5.6 | 17.6 | 0.000 |
0.34
| (0.15–0.75) |
0.70
| (0.41–1.20) | 0.74 | (0.43–1.28) | ||||
Low
| 7.4 | 13.0 | 0.089 |
0.46
| (0.21–0.97) |
0.46
| (0.25–0.84) | 0.48 | (0.27–0.88) | ||||
Marijuana use
| T1% | T2% | Sig.1
| model 1 OR | 95 % CI | model 2 OR | 95 % CI | model 3 OR | 95 % CI | ||||
Respondents' education level |
Grammar
| 4.8 | 32.2 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Specialised
| 4.8 | 28.2 | 0.000 | 1.01 | (0.38–2.66) | 0.83 | (0.53–1.30) | 0.82 | (0.51–1.30) | ||||
Apprentice
| 6.5 | 22.0 | 0.000 | 1.38 | (0.47–4.04) | 0.60 | (0.34–1.05) | 0.55 | (0.30–1.04) | ||||
Current employment status |
Student
| 5.1 | 29.3 | 0.000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Employed
| 1.4 | 27.4 | 0.000 | 0.26 | (0.33–1.96) | 0.91 | (0.52–1.62) | 1.00 | (0.56–1.79) | ||||
Unemployed
| 8.0 | 25.4 | 0.000 | 1.61 | (0.68–3.79) | 0.84 | (0.51–1.35) | 0.76 | (0.45–1.27) | ||||
Parents highest education level |
High
| 5.8 | 38.1 | 0.000 | 1 |
1
|
2
|
1
| |||||
Medium
| 4.5 | 24.2 | 0.000 | 0.76 | (0.29–2.00) |
0.51
| (0.32–0.81) |
0.50
| (0.31–0.81) | ||||
Low
| 6.1 | 23.6 | 0.000 | 1.06 | (0.36–3.11) |
0.42
| (0.24–0.74) |
0.39
| (0.21–0.71) | ||||
Parents highest occupational level |
High
| 6.7 | 40.0 | 0.000 | 1 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| ||||
Medium
| 5.1 | 25.3 | 0.000 | 0.74 | (0.29–1.92) |
0.52
| (0.32–0.85) |
0.52
| (0.31–0.86) | ||||
Low
| 4.3 | 21.7 | 0.000 | 0.63 | (0.23–1.73) |
0.50
| (0.30–0.83) |
0.51
| (0.30–0.86) | ||||
Insufficient physical activity
| T1% | T2% | Sig.1
| model 1 OR | 95 % CI | model 2 OR | 95 % CI | model 3 OR | 95 % CI | ||||
Respondents' education level |
Grammar
| 25.3 | 36.3 | 0.038 | 1 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| ||||
Specialised
| 23.7 | 42.1 | 0.000 | 0.91 | (0.57–1.48) |
1.28
| (0.83–1.96) |
1.32
| (0.85–2.05) | ||||
Apprentice
| 33.9 | 56.0 | 0.001 | 1.51 | (0.88–2.61) |
2.23
| (1.34–3.70) |
2.13
| (1.26–3.58) | ||||
Current employment status |
Student
| 23.8 | 38.8 | 0.000 | 1 |
1
| 1 | ||||||
Employed
| 28.4 | 50.0 | 0.006 | 1.27 | (0.72–2.25) |
1.58
| (0.95–2.64) |
2
| 1.54 | (0.91–2.61) | |||
Unemployed
| 31.6 | 51.8 | 0.001 | 1.48 | (0.92–2.38) |
1.69
| (1.10–2.62) | 1.60 | (1.02–2.51) | ||||
Parents' highest education level |
High
| 24.2 | 36.6 | 0.067 | 1 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| ||||
Medium
| 27.2 | 43.8 | 0.000 | 1.18 | (0.71–1.94) |
1.51
| (0.96–2.37) |
1.49
| (0.93–2.38) | ||||
Low
| 26.1 | 50.0 | 0.000 | 1.11 | (0.61–2.00) |
2.10
| (1.24–3.56) |
2.15
| (1.25–4.71) | ||||
Parents' highest occupational level |
High
| 24.6 | 34.2 | 0.021 | 1 |
1
|
2
|
1
|
2
| ||||
Medium
| 30.9 | 43.9 | 0.008 | 1.37 | (0.83–2.27) |
1.35
| (0.85–2.43) |
1.28
| (0.80–2.06) | ||||
Low
| 22.8 | 52.2 | 0.000 | 0.91 | (0.53–1.55) |
1.74
| (1.09–2.77) |
1.83
| (1.13–2.97) |
Types of socioeconomic gradients reported
Changes in socioeconomic gradients in smoking
Changes in socioeconomic gradients in alcohol consumption
Changes in socioeconomic gradients in experience with marijuana
Changes in socioeconomic gradients in insufficient physical activity
Gender differences
Crude | Adjusted for HRB at T1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1(%) | T2(%) | OR | 95% CI | p value | OR | 95% CI | p value | |
Smoking
| ||||||||
Males | 20.6 | 36.8 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Females | 17.8 | 41.1 | 1.20 | (0.90, 1.20) | 0.213 | 1.32 | (0.97, 1.80) | 0.078 |
Alcohol
| ||||||||
Males | 13.0 | 33.0 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Females | 8.7 | 18.9 | 0.47 | (0.34, 0.47) |
0.000
| 0.49 | (0.36, 0.67) |
0.000
|
Marijuana
| ||||||||
Males | 4.2 | 36.7 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Females | 5.2 | 28.0 | 0.40 | (0.28, 0.40) |
0.000
| 0.64 | (0.47, 0.87) |
0.004
|
No sport
| ||||||||
Males | 12.2 | 18.1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Females | 26.5 | 43.5 | 0.67 | (0.50, 0.67) |
0.008
| 1.70 | (1.25, 2.30) |
0.001
|