Background
Methods
Study subjects
Data collection
Statistical analysis
All subjects | Subjects in case-crossover analysis | |
---|---|---|
Gender, male, No. (%) | 301 (52.4) | 175 (53.7) |
Age, mean ± standard deviation (median) | 39.8 ± 15.2 (38) | 38.2 ± 13.2 (38) |
Level of education, No. (%) | ||
Elementary school | 41 (7.1) | 12 (3.7) |
Middle school | 175 (30.5) | 98 (30.1) |
High school | 271 (47.2) | 165 (50.6) |
University | 86 (15.0) | 51 (15.6) |
Occupation, No. (%) | ||
Employed | 412 (71.8) | 263 (80.7) |
Student | 49 (8.5) | 23 (7.1) |
Housewife | 24 (4.2) | 9 (2.8) |
Retired | 72 (12.5) | 24 (7.4) |
Unemployed | 17 (3.0) | 7 (2.1) |
Marital status, No. (%) | ||
Married (spouse/husband present) | 250 (43.5) | 142 (43.7) |
Widowed, divorced or separated | 76 (13.2) | 36 (11.0) |
Single (never married) | 245 (42.7) | 147 (45.2) |
Nationality, No. (%) | ||
Italian | 522 (90.4) | 296 (91.4) |
Foreign, European Union | 9 (1.6) | 5 (1.5) |
Foreign, Non European Union | 37 (6.4) | 23 (7.1) |
Driving license held for, No. (%) | ||
No license | 31 (6.3) | 13 (4.1) |
<1 year | 11 (2.2) | 6 (1.9) |
1-4 years | 57 (11.6) | 38 (12.1) |
≥ 5 years | 392 (79.8) | 255 (81.7) |
Type of vehicle driven during the crash, No. (%) | ||
Car | 367 (64.4) | 226 (69.3) |
Motorcycle | 111 (19.5) | 64 (19.6) |
Bicycle | 82 (8.5) | 28 (8.6) |
Van | 7(1.2) | 5 (1.5) |
Truck | 3 (0.5) | 3 (0.9) |
Vehicle of the crash is of the type most frequently driven, No. (%) | 477 (83.1) | 254 (84.4) |
Weekendb, No. (%) | 191 (33.3) | 103 (31.6) |
Nightb, c, No. (%) | 60 (10.4) | 44 (13.5) |
Unfavourable weather (rain, snow, fog, hail or strong wind)b, No. (%) | 105 (18.3) | 64 (19.6) |
Uneven, wet, or dirty road surfaceb, No. (%) | 196 (34.1) | 111 (34.0) |
Type of crash, No. (%) | ||
Two motor vehicle, head-on | 26 (4.5) | 14 (4.3) |
Two motor vehicle, side | 171 (29.8) | 100 (30.8) |
Two motor vehicle, rear end | 213 (37.1) | 126 (38.8) |
One vehicle (rollover or impact against fixed obstacle) | 78 (13.6) | 49 (15.0) |
Fall from vehicle | 77 (13.4) | 32 (9.8) |
Other | 6 (1.0) | 4 (1.2) |
Previous experience of the route of crash, No. (%) | ||
Habitual or well known | 380 (66.2) | 222 (68.1) |
Already done but not well known | 170 (29.6) | 93 (28.5) |
Entirely new | 22 (3.8) | 11 (3.4) |
Driver at fault (self-rated), No. (%) | ||
Yes | 151 (26.3) | 80 (24.7) |
Partially | 55 (9.6) | 30 (9.3) |
No | 364 (63.9) | 214 (66.0) |
Results
Alcohol consumption in the 6 hours prior to crash | Alcohol consumption in the 6 hours prior to previous episode of driving | ||
---|---|---|---|
yes | no | total | |
yes | 3 | 24 | 27 |
no | 18 | 281 | 299 |
total | 21 | 305 | 326 |
OR = 1.33 (95%CI: 0.69-2.60) | |||
Meal intake in the 2 hours prior to crash | Meal intake in the 2 hours prior to previous episode of driving | ||
yes | no | total | |
yes | 4 | 25 | 29 |
no | 23 | 276 | 297 |
total | 27 | 301 | 326 |
OR = 1.08 (95%CI: 0.59-2.00) |
Variable | OR | 95%CI |
---|---|---|
Alcohol consumption in the previous 6 hours | 2.25 | 1.11-4.57 |
Meal intake in the previous 2 hours | 0.94 | 0.47-1.88 |
Time band 05:00-08:59 | 1 | |
Time band 09:00-12:59a
| 1.63 | 0.99-2.68 |
Time band 13:00-16:59a
| 2.08 | 1.30-3.33 |
Time band 17:00-20:59a
| 0.79 | 0.52-1.19 |
Time band 21:00-00:59a
| 0.30 | 0.14-0.66 |
Time band 01:00-04:59a
| 0.91 | 0.30-2.77 |
Possible modifier | Exposure | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol consumption | Meal intake | |||
ORa
| 95%CI | ORa
| 95%CI | |
Gender | ||||
Male (N = 175) | 1.83 | 0.77-4.35 | 1.72 | 0.63-4.66 |
Female (N = 151) | 4.58 | 0.81-25.93 | 0.63 | 0.20-1.96 |
Age | ||||
<25 years (N = 57) | 5.00 | 0.43-57.31 | 0.55 | 0.08-3.59 |
≥ 25 years (N = 269) | 2.10 | 0.99-4.44 | 0.98 | 0.45-2.11 |
Level of education (high school or higher) | ||||
No (N = 110) | 5.99 | 1.04-34.57 | 2.09 | 0.41-10.60 |
Yes (N = 216) | 2.16 | 0.91-5.14 | 0.64 | 0.28-1.47 |
Vehicle | ||||
Car, van, truck (N = 234) | 2.55 | 1.04-6.25 | 0.81 | 0.36-1.82 |
Motorcycle (N = 64) | 2.68 | 0.50-14.26 | 1.02 | 0.15-6.82 |
Bicycle (N = 28) | 2.99 | 0.09-99.06 | 0.83 | 0.02-31.40 |
Driving license held for (only motor-vehicle drivers) | ||||
<5 years (N = 41) | 9.99 | 0.46-217.78 | 0.61 | 0.05-7.34 |
≥ 5 years (N = 257) | 1.96 | 0.89-4.29 | 0.79 | 0.36-1.73 |
Driver at fault | ||||
Yes (N = 80) | 21.22 | 2.31-194.79 | 0.82 | 0.16-4.18 |
Yes or partially (N = 110) | 10.25 | 2.42-43.33 | 0.95 | 0.24-3.77 |
No (N = 214) | 1.12 | 0.47-2.69 | 0.82 | 0.36-1.85 |
Habitual consumption of 12 or more drinks a month | ||||
No (N = 211) | 4.17 | 0.72-24.16 | 0.77 | 0.29-2.05 |
Yes (N = 115) | 1.63 | 0.67-3.96 | 1.31 | 0.47-3.64 |