Background
Methods
Study design and population
Data collected
Analyses
Results
1- Patients' characteristics
Age (years) | n | % |
---|---|---|
< 60 | 217 | 43.9 |
60 - 69.9 | 123 | 24.9 |
≥ 70 | 154 | 31.2 |
Gender | ||
Males | 259 | 52.4 |
Females | 235 | 47.6 |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||
28-29.9 | 154 | 31.2 |
30 - 34.9 | 186 | 37.6 |
≥ 35 | 154 | 31.2 |
Socio-economic status | ||
Workmen -employees | 213 | 49.1 |
Top executives -Professional persons | 92 | 21.2 |
Teachers - artisans shopkeepers | 63 | 14.5 |
Unemployed-Housewives/husbands | 66 | 15.2 |
Current smoker | ||
No | 415 | 87.7 |
Yes | 58 | 12.3 |
Alcohol | ||
None | 269 | 55.3 |
1-2 glasses per day | 134 | 27.6 |
≥ 3 glasses per day | 83 | 17.1 |
Number of co-morbid diagnoses | ||
None or one | 78 | 15.8 |
Two | 127 | 25.7 |
Three or more | 289 | 58.5 |
Previous efforts for substantial changes in dietary habits | ||
Yes | 180 | 37.7 |
No | 298 | 62.3 |
Previous efforts for substantial changes in physical activities | ||
Yes | 79 | 17.0 |
No | 386 | 83.0 |
2- Quality of life scores
Absolutely true % | Fairly true % | Neither true, nor false % | Fairly false % | Absolutely false % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension 1: Physical state | |||||
1- I have trouble squatting | 30.2 | 32.2 | 9.9 | 10.7 | 17.0 |
2- I cannot sit down in a very low armchair | 21.7 | 26.3 | 11.3 | 11.9 | 28.7 |
3- I walk as little as possible | 9.3 | 14.2 | 10.9 | 25.9 | 39.7 |
4- I have to stop to catch my breath after walking several hundred meters | 11.7 | 14.4 | 9.5 | 22.3 | 42.1 |
5- I have trouble climbing stairs | 16.2 | 30.4 | 9.3 | 21.0 | 23.1 |
6- People say I am not very athletic | 32.6 | 25.9 | 18.4 | 9.7 | 13.4 |
7- People often say that I am not agile | 12.7 | 21.9 | 24.9 | 20.8 | 19.6 |
Dimension 2: Vitality desire to do things
| |||||
8- I often lack energy | 8.9 | 29.1 | 14.8 | 22.9 | 24.3 |
9- I do not move around very much | 9.7 | 21.3 | 12.7 | 25.9 | 30.4 |
Dimension 3: Relations with others
| |||||
10- I feel I am being attacked when people talk about my weight | 7.3 | 12.3 | 17.2 | 21.5 | 41.7 |
Dimension 4: Psychological state
| |||||
11- I feel very ill-at-ease | 7.7 | 14.6 | 16.4 | 18.8 | 42.5 |
3- Univariate correlates
Dimension 1 Physical state | Dimension 2: Vitality desire to do things | Dimension 3 Relations with others * "I feel I am being attacked when people talk about my weight" | Dimension 4 Psychological state ** "I feel very ill-at-ease " | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | % patients ≤ Q25% score (1) | p | % patients ≤ Q25% score (1) | p | % 'Fairly true' or 'absolutely true' | p | % 'Fairly true' or 'absolutely true' | p |
Overall | 494 | 25.1 | 27.9 | 19.6 | 22.3 | ||||
Age (years)
| 0.168 | 0.837 | 0.002 | 0.108 | |||||
< 60
| 217 | 21.7 | 29.0 | 26.3 | 26.7 | ||||
60 - 69.9
| 123 | 30.9 | 26.0 | 17.9 | 18.7 | ||||
≥ 70
| 154 | 25.3 | 27.9 | 11.7 | 18.8 | ||||
Gender
| 0.007 | 0.202 | 0.002 | <.0001 | |||||
Males | 259 | 20.1 | 25.5 | 14.3 | 13.9 | ||||
Females | 235 | 30.6 | 30.6 | 25.5 | 31.5 | ||||
Body Mass Index (kg/m
2
)
| <.0001 | 0.028 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||
28-29.9 | 154 | 12.3 | 22.7 | 13.6 | 13.0 | ||||
30 - 34.9 | 186 | 21.5 | 25.8 | 15.1 | 19.3 | ||||
≥ 35 | 154 | 42.2 | 35.7 | 31.2 | 35.1 | ||||
Socio-economic status
| 0.002 | 0.027 | 0.082 | 0.001 | |||||
Workmen - employees | 213 | 27.2 | 31.9 | 20.2 | 25.3 | ||||
Top executives -Professional persons | 92 | 9.8 | 15.2 | 13.0 | 8.7 | ||||
Teachers - artisans - shopkeeper | 63 | 27.0 | 28.6 | 15.9 | 17.5 | ||||
Unemployed/housewives-husbands | 66 | 33.3 | 28.8 | 28.8 | 31.8 | ||||
Current smoking
| 0.620 | 0.041 | 0.037 | 0.357 | |||||
No | 415 | 24.6 | 26.7 | 17.8 | 22.2 | ||||
Yes | 58 | 27.6 | 39.7 | 29.3 | 27.6 | ||||
Alcohol
| 0.251 | 0.791 | 0.017 | 0.004 | |||||
None | 269 | 28.2 | 26.8 | 24.2 | 27.1 | ||||
1-2 glasses per day | 134 | 21.6 | 29.1 | 14.2 | 18.7 | ||||
≥ 3 glasses per day | 83 | 21.7 | 30.1 | 13.2 | 10.8 | ||||
Number of associated co-morbid diagnoses
| 0.018 | 0.020 | 0.479 | 0.933 | |||||
None or one | 78 | 17.9 | 24.4 | 16.7 | 21.8 | ||||
Two | 127 | 18.9 | 19.7 | 17.3 | 21.3 | ||||
Three or more | 289 | 29.8 | 32.5 | 21.4 | 22.8 | ||||
Previous efforts for substantial changes in dietary habits
| 0.487 | 0.117 | 0.216 | 0.947 | |||||
No' | 298 | 26.2 | 30.5 | 18.1 | 22.5 | ||||
Yes | 180 | 23.3 | 23.9 | 22.8 | 22.2 | ||||
Previous efforts for substantial changes in physical activities
| 0.027 | 0.019 | 0.381 | 0.958 | |||||
No | 386 | 26.9 | 30.8 | 19.7 | 23.1 | ||||
Yes | 79 | 15.2 | 17.7 | 24.0 | 22.8 |
Statistical relationships between OSQOL scores and BMI according to other factors
Dimension 1 | Dimension 2 | Dimension 3 | Dimension 4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical state | Vitality desire to do things | Relations with others (1) | Psychological state (2) | ||||||
% | |||||||||
n | ≤ Q25% score (3) | p | % ≤ Q25% score (3) | p | % 'Fairly true' or 'absolutely true' | p | % 'Fairly true' or 'absolutely true' | p | |
BMI (kg/m
2
) OVERALL
| |||||||||
28-29.9 | 154 | 12.3 | 22.7 | 13.6 | 13.0 | ||||
30 - 34.9 | 186 | 21.5 | 25.8 | 15.1 | 19.3 | ||||
≥ 35 | 154 | 42.2 | 35.7 | 31.2 | 35.1 | ||||
Age (years)
| |||||||||
< 60
| <.0001 | 0.2268 | 0.0481 | 0.009 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 53 | 3.8 | 20.8 | 20.8 | 13.2 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 83 | 19.3 | 28.9 | 20.5 | 25.3 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 81 | 35.8 | 34.6 | 35.8 | 37.0 | ||||
60 - 69.9
| <.0001 | 0.0227 | 0.0286 | 0.005 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 38 | 7.9 | 21.1 | 13.2 | 5.3 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 47 | 27.7 | 17.0 | 10.6 | 17.0 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 38 | 57.9 | 42.1 | 31.6 | 34.2 | ||||
≥ 70
| 0.072 | 0.8085 | 0.2447 | 0.075 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 63 | 22.2 | 25.4 | 7.9 | 17.5 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 56 | 19.6 | 28.6 | 10.7 | 12.5 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 35 | 40.0 | 31.4 | 20.0 | 31.4 | ||||
Gender
| |||||||||
Males
| <.0001 | 0.298 | 0.0993 | 0.0176 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 84 | 8.3 | 22.6 | 9.5 | 7.1 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 111 | 15.3 | 23.4 | 13.5 | 13.5 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 64 | 43.8 | 32.8 | 21.9 | 23.4 | ||||
Females
| 0.0049 | 0.1217 | 0.0031 | 0.0051 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 70 | 17.1 | 22.9 | 18.6 | 20.0 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 75 | 30.7 | 29.3 | 17.3 | 28.0 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 90 | 41.1 | 37.8 | 37.8 | 43.3 | ||||
Socio-economic status
| |||||||||
Top executives -Professional persons
| <.0001 | 0.2642 | 0.0207 | 0.0873 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 36 | 0.0 | 11.1 | 5.6 | 5.6 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 38 | 5.3 | 13.2 | 10.5 | 5.3 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 18 | 38.9 | 27.8 | 33.3 | 22.2 | ||||
Other classes
| 0.0005 | 0.4219 | 0.0029 | 0.0014 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 98 | 17.4 | 26.5 | 14.3 | 14.3 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 126 | 25.4 | 30.2 | 16.7 | 23.8 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 118 | 40.7 | 34.8 | 31.4 | 35.6 | ||||
Current smoking
| |||||||||
No
| <.0001 | 0.1034 | <.0001 | 0.0006 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 134 | 13.4 | 22.4 | 9.7 | 14.2 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 156 | 21.2 | 25.0 | 15.4 | 19.9 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 125 | 40.8 | 33.6 | 29.6 | 33.6 | ||||
Yes
| 0.0005 | 0.1067 | 0.0613 | 0.0115 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 16 | 0.0 | 18.8 | 31.3 | 6.3 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 19 | 21.1 | 42.1 | 10.5 | 21.1 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 23 | 52.2 | 52.2 | 43.5 | 47.8 | ||||
Alcohol
| |||||||||
No
| 0.0002 | 0.2312 | 0.0057 | 0.0006 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 77 | 15.6 | 20.8 | 18.2 | 15.6 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 96 | 24.0 | 26.0 | 17.7 | 22.9 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 96 | 42.7 | 32.3 | 35.4 | 40.6 | ||||
Yes
| <.0001 | 0.0841 | 0.0434 | 0.0727 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 74 | 9.5 | 24.3 | 8.1 | 10.8 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 87 | 19.5 | 26.4 | 12.6 | 13.8 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 56 | 41.1 | 41.1 | 23.2 | 25.0 | ||||
Number of associated co-morbid diagnoses
| |||||||||
At most two
| 0.0056 | 0.4444 | 0.0069 | 0.0169 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 69 | 10.1 | 17.4 | 10.1 | 13.0 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 80 | 16.3 | 21.3 | 13.8 | 20.0 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 56 | 32.1 | 26.8 | 30.4 | 33.9 | ||||
Three or more
| <.0001 | 0.0932 | 0.0104 | 0.0006 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 85 | 14.1 | 27.1 | 16.5 | 12.9 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 106 | 25.5 | 29.3 | 16.0 | 18.9 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 98 | 48.0 | 40.8 | 31.6 | 35.7 | ||||
Previous efforts for substantial changes in dietary habits (4)
| |||||||||
No
| 0.0001 | 0.2115 | 0.0313 | <.0001 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 100 | 15.0 | 24.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 109 | 23.9 | 33.0 | 15.6 | 18.4 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 89 | 41.6 | 34.8 | 27.0 | 38.2 | ||||
Yes
| <.0001 | 0.0109 | 0.0072 | 0.1299 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 50 | 8.0 | 22.0 | 16.0 | 14.0 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 70 | 15.7 | 14.3 | 15.7 | 21.4 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 60 | 45.0 | 36.7 | 36.7 | 30.0 | ||||
Previous efforts for substantial changes in physical activities
| |||||||||
No
| <.0001 | 0.2019 | 0.0002 | <.0001 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 119 | 14.3 | 26.9 | 12.6 | 13.5 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 145 | 22.8 | 29.0 | 15.2 | 20.0 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 122 | 44.3 | 36.9 | 32.0 | 36.1 | ||||
Yes
| 0.0097 | 0.2248 | 0.6963 | 0.2165 | |||||
28-29.9 kg/m2
| 28 | 3.6 | 10.7 | 21.4 | 14.3 | ||||
30 - 34.9 kg/m2
| 28 | 10.7 | 14.3 | 21.4 | 21.4 | ||||
≥ 35 kg/m2
| 23 | 34.8 | 30.4 | 30.4 | 34.8 |
4- Multivariate models
Dimension 1- Physical state (n = 411) | Dimension 2 - Vitality, desire to do things (n = 395) | Dimension 3 - Relations with others (n = 412) | Dimension 4 - Psychological state (n = 428) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
Age (years)
| - | ||||||||
< 60 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | ||
60 - 69.9 | 1.80 | 0.97-3.35 | 1.04 | 0.58-1.86 | 0.72 | 0.38-1.37 | 0.67 | 0.36-1.27 | |
≥ 70 | 2.02 | 1.10-3.70 | 1.15 | 0.65-2.03 | 0.32 | 0.15-0.69 | 0.74 | 0.40-1.36 | |
Male vs. female
| 0.90 | 0.53-1.51 | 0.86 | 0.53-1.40 | 0.59 | 0.31-1.12 | 0.46 | 0.25-0.82 | |
Body Mass Index (Kg/m
2
)
| |||||||||
< 29.9 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
30 - 34.9 | 1.95 | 0.98-3.88 | 1.34 | 0.75-2.38 | 1.53 | 0.72-3.28 | 1.75 | 0.89-3.46 | |
≥ 35 | 5.37 | 2.72-10.6 | 1.66 | 0.92-3.01 | 3.67 | 1.77-7.61 | 3.00 | 1.54-5.85 | |
Socio-economic status
| |||||||||
Workmen/employees | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
Top executives -Professional persons | 0.35 | 0.15-0.81 | 0.47 | 0.23-0.95 | 1.14 | 0.52-2.46 | 0.49 | 0.21-1.14 | |
Teachers/Artisans/shopkeeper | 1.00 | 0.48-2.08 | 1.06 | 0.54-2.10 | 0.91 | 0.36-2.29 | 0.93 | 0.43-2.01 | |
Unemployed/housewives-husbands | 1.43 | 0.75-2.74 | 0.89 | 0.47-1.68 | 1.69 | 0.84-3.40 | 1.32 | 0.69-2.53 | |
Number of associated co-morbid diagnoses
| |||||||||
None or one | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Two | 1.32 | 0.56-3.12 | - | 0.85 | 0.40-1.81 | - | - | - | - |
Three or more | 1.69 | 0.79-3.61 | - | 1.42 | 0.74-2.75 | - | - | - | - |
Previous efforts for substantial changes in physical activities
| 0.44 | 0.20-0.94 | - | 0.50 | 0.24-1.01 | - | - | - | - |
Current Smoking (yes/no)
| - | - | 1.76 | 0.91-3.37 | 1.31 | 0.63-2.74 | - | - | |
Alcohol
| - | - | - | - | |||||
None | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
1-2 glasses per day | - | - | - | - | 1.05 | 0.53-2.08 | 0.93 | 0.50-1.73 | |
≥ 3 glasses per day | - | - | - | - | 0.89 | 0.39-2.11 | 0.53 | 0.21-1.33 |