Background
Methods
Study design and population
Study variables
Variable | Description |
---|---|
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM-RELATED | |
Infant mortality rate | Number of deaths among infants (<1 year of age) per 1000 live births in a given year |
Antenatal care coverage | Percentage of women aged 15-49 years that were attended at least once during pregnancy by skilled health personnel (doctor, nurse, or midwife) |
Births attended by skilled health personnel | Percentage of births that received care from qualified medical personnel |
Access to an improved water source | Percentage of the population who use any of the following types of water supply for drinking: piped water, public tap, borehole or pump, protected well, protected spring or rainwater |
Access to improved sanitation | Percentage of the population with access to facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human, animal and insect contact. Facilities such as sewers or septic tanks, pour-flush latrines and simple pit or ventilated improved pit latrines are assumed to be adequate, provided that they are not public |
EDUCATIONAL | |
Adult literacy rate | Percentage of persons aged 15 years and over who can both read and write |
Contraceptive prevalence | Percentage of married women aged 15-49 that use contraceptive measures. |
Ratio of female literacy rate to male rate | The data refer to national literacy estimates from censuses or surveys |
Primary enrolment rate | Number of pupils of the theoretical school-age group who are enrolled in primary school expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group |
Primary enrolment rate, female | The same as the net primary enrolment rate, but only for the female group |
Education index | This measures a country's relative achievement in both adult literacy and combined primary, secondary and tertiary education. |
ECONOMICAL | |
Public expenditure on health | This measures the final consumption of health care goods and services as percentage of the GNP |
Public expenditure on education | This measures the final consumption of education as percentage of the GNP |
GNI per capita | Gross National Income (in current US Dollars) divided by midyear population. The atlas method is used |
External resources for health | This includes all grants and loans for health goods and services passing through governments or private entities, in cash or in kind as a percentage of total expenditure on health |
Government expenditure on health | This gives an idea as to the priority that the health issues are given in government budgets expressed as percentage of the general government expenditure on health |
Out-of-pocket expenditure on health | These are the direct outlays of households, including gratuities and in-kind payments made to health practitioners, pharmaceutical suppliers, therapeutic appliances, and other goods and services, as a percentage of the private expenditure on health. |
Per-capita government expenditure on health | This is the government expenditure on health per person |
Statistical analysis
Results
HDI COUNTRIES | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator | MEAN | SD* | HIGH | MEDIUM | LOW |
Maternal mortality (deaths per 100 000 live births) | 885 | 321 | 15 | 210-1000 | 450-2100 |
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM-RELATED | |||||
Infant mortality (deaths per 1000 live births) | 97 | 24 | 12-13 | 26-123 | 50-165 |
Antenatal care coverage (%) | 71 | 20 | - | 64-99 | 28-94 |
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) | 44 | 21 | 98 | 39-94 | 6-68 |
Access to an improved water source (%) | 56 | 17 | 88-100 | 43-95 | 22-84 |
Access to improved sanitation (%) | 37 | 15 | - | 18-65 | 9-61 |
EDUCATIONAL | |||||
Adult literacy rate (%) | 58 | 18 | 84-91 | 51-89 | 23-73 |
Contraceptive prevalence (%) | 23 | 14 | 76 | 18-60 | 3-34 |
Ratio of female rate to male rate (%) | 0.70 | 0.17 | <1** | <1** | <1** |
Primary enrolment rate (%) | 71 | 13 | 95-99% | 44-97 | 40-95 |
Education index (%) | 0.57 | 0.14 | 0.81-0.88 | 0.45-0.81 | 0.25-0.66 |
ECONOMICAL | |||||
Public expenditure on health (%GNP) | 2.2 | 1.3 | 2.4-4.6 | 1.1-9.9 | 0.7-9.6 |
Public expenditure on education (%GNP) | 4.5 | 1.7 | 4.5-5.4 | 0.6-13.4 | 2-6.1 |
Gross National Income per capita ($) | 586 | 804 | 4081-7547 | 100-3865 | 110-647 |
External resources for Health (%) | 16 | 11 | 1.4-4.6 | 0.4-45.4 | 1.4-49 |
Government expenditure on Health (%) | 7.9 | 3.4 | 8.7-9 | 4.2-13.8 | 2-16 |
Out of pocket expenditure on Health (%) | 78 | 23 | 62-77 | 17-100 | 39-100 |
Per-capita government expenditure on health ($) | 34 | 65 | 95-346 | 3-192 | 1-19 |
Indicator | N | r* | p |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal mortality (deaths per 100 000 live births) | 43 | 1 | |
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM-RELATED | |||
Infant mortality (deaths per 1000 live births) | 43 | 0,815 | < 0,001 |
Antenatal care coverage (%) | 42 | -0,413 | 0,006 |
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) | 43 | -0,572 | < 0,001 |
Access to an improved water source (%) | 43 | -0,399 | 0,008 |
Access to improved sanitation (%) | 43 | -0,261 | 0,091 |
EDUCATIONAL | |||
Adult literacy rate (%) | 39 | -0,517 | < 0,001 |
Contraceptive prevalence (%) | 42 | -0,622 | < 0,001 |
Ratio of female rate to male rate (%) | 39 | -0,485 | 0,002 |
Primary enrolment rate (%) | 37 | -0,386 | 0,018 |
Primary enrolment rate, female (%) | 33 | -0,435 | 0,012 |
Education index (%) | 43 | -0,534 | < 0,001 |
ECONOMICAL | |||
Public expenditure on health (%GNP) | 43 | -0,109 | 0,488 |
Public expenditure on education (%GNP) | 39 | -0,242 | 0,138 |
Gross National Income per capita ($) | 43 | -0,456 | 0,002 |
External resources for Health (%) | 43 | 0,266 | 0,085 |
Government expenditure on Health (%) | 43 | -0,12 | 0,442 |
Out-of-pocket expenditure on Health (%) | 43 | 0,365 | 0,016 |
Per-capita government expenditure on health ($) | 43 | -0,452 | 0,002 |