Background
Methods
Study population
n | % | |
---|---|---|
Total sample | 2,351 | 100.0 |
Participation survey 1 (1990–91) | 1,782 | 75.8 |
Non-participation survey 1 | 569 | 24.2 |
deceased | 6 | 0.2 |
ill | 36 | 1.5 |
unable to attend | 48 | 2,0 |
unwilling to attend | 157 | 6.7 |
did not attend, unknown reason | 304 | 12.9 |
not retrievable | 11 | 0.5 |
moved | 7 | 0.3 |
Participation survey 2 | 1,589 | 67.6 |
Non-participation survey 2 | 762 | 32.4 |
deceased | 143 | 6.1 |
ill | 49 | 2.08 |
unable attend | 82 | 3.49 |
unwilling to attend | 192 | 8.17 |
did not attend, unknown reason | 294 | 12.5 |
not retrievable | 2 | 0.1 |
Participation in both surveys | 1,405 | 59.81
|
Specific back diagnosis survey 1 | 58 | 2.5 |
Study cohort for analyses | 1,347 | 57.3 |
Outcome measures
Neck and low back symptoms
Confounders
Statistical analyses
Results
n | % | mean | sd | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Neck and low back outcomes
| ||||
Primary care consultation | 211 | 15.7 | ||
Hospital admission | 25 | 1.9 | ||
Sick leave | 73 | 5.4 | ||
Disability pension | 39 | 2.9 | ||
Neck and low back symptoms
| ||||
No neck pain1
| 602 | 45.2 | ||
Previous neck pain2
| 152 | 11.4 | ||
Current neck pain3
| 579 | 43.2 | ||
No low back pain1
| 473 | 35.4 | ||
Previous low back pain2
| 278 | 20.8 | ||
Current low back pain3
| 584 | 43.7 | ||
No neck or low back pain1
| 269 | 20.2 | ||
Previous neck and/or low back pain2
| 224 | 16.9 | ||
Current neck and/or low back pain3
| 836 | 62.9 | ||
Potential confounders
| ||||
Age, years | 1,347 | 50.1 | 5.9 | |
Farmer | 794 | 58.9 | ||
Workload, units | 1,327 | 198.7 | 84.8 | |
Educational index | 1,318 | 2.2 | 1.3 | |
Compulsory school | 516 | 39.2 | ||
Vocational school | 430 | 32.6 | ||
Secondary school | 151 | 11.5 | ||
College | 96 | 7.3 | ||
University | 125 | 9.5 | ||
Demands, units | 1,227 | 12.8 | 2.7 | |
Control, units | 1,312 | 7.1 | 1.2 | |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 1,347 | 26.3 | 3.1 | |
Smokers | 285 | 21.2 | ||
Snuff users | 192 | 14.3 | ||
Alcohol consumption, grams/week | 1,343 | 24.3 | 28.6 | |
Psychiatric symptoms (HSCL-25) | 1,346 | 1.28 | 0.28 | |
Specific back diagnosis during follow up | 64 | 4.8 |
Primary care | Hospital admission | Sick leave | Disability pension | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
No neck or low back pain1 (n = 269) | 14 | 5.2 | 0 | 5 | 1.9 | 1 | 0.4 | |
Previous neck or/and low back pain2 (n = 224) | 22 | 9.8 | 4 | 1.8 | 7 | 3.1 | 2 | 0.9 |
Current neck or/and low back pain3 (n = 836) | 174 | 20.8 | 21 | 2.5 | 61 | 7.3 | 36 | 4.3 |
Primary care consultation | Hospital admission | Sick leave | Disability pension | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
mean/% | mean/% | p1
| mean/% | mean/% | p1
| mean/% | mean/% | p1
| mean/% | mean/% | p1
| |
Age | 50.2 | 49.4 | 0.052 | 50.1 | 50.4 | 0.837 | 50.1 | 50.0 | 0.859 |
50.0
|
52.4
|
0.013
|
Farmer,% | 59.0 | 58.8 | 0.954 | 58.9 | 64.0 | 0.604 | 59.3 | 52.1 | 0.218 | 59.0 | 56.4 | 0.744 |
Workload | 198.3 | 201.0 | 0.677 | 198.6 | 203.4 | 0.786 | 199.4 | 187.3 | 0.239 | 199.1 | 185.2 | 0.332 |
Education index | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.753 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 0.641 |
2.2
|
1.8
|
0.036
|
2.2
|
1.6
|
0.000
|
Demands | 12.8 | 12.7 | 0.611 | 12.8 | 13.6 | 0.144 | 12.8 | 12.4 | 0.235 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 0.901 |
Control | 7.1 | 7.0 | 0.129 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 0.870 |
7.1
|
6.7
|
0.026
| 7.1 | 6.7 | 0.058 |
Body mass index | 26.3 | 26.2 | 0.738 |
26.3
|
27.5
|
0.046
| 26.4 | 26.3 | 0.811 | 26.3 | 26.8 | 0.332 |
Smokers, % | 20.6 | 24.2 | 0.248 | 21.0 | 32.0 | 0.182 | 20.8 | 28.8 | 0.103 |
20.7
|
38.5
|
0.007
|
Snuff users, % |
13.2
|
19.9
|
0.011
|
14.0
|
28.0
|
0.047
|
13.6
|
26.0
|
0.003
|
13.8
|
30.8
|
0.003
|
Alcohol consumption | 23.4 | 27.8 | 0.105 | 24.2 | 32.9 | 0.346 | 24.1 | 28.8 | 0.314 | 24.1 | 32.9 | 0.224 |
Psychiatric symptoms |
1.28
|
1.32
|
0.032
|
1.28
|
1.42
|
0.013
|
1.28
|
1.38
|
0.013
|
1.28
|
1.37
|
0.049
|
Specific back diagnose, % |
1.5
|
22.3
|
0.000
|
3.8
|
56.0
|
0.000
|
3.2
|
31.5
|
0.000
|
3.7
|
38.5
|
0.000
|
Adjusted analyses
Primary care | Sick leave | Disability pension | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
No neck or low back pain | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Current neck and/or low back pain, crude |
4.79
|
2.73–8.41
|
4.16
|
1.65–10.4
|
12.1
|
1.65–88.4
|
Current neck and/or low back pain, adjusted1
|
4.10
|
2.24–7.49
|
3.22
|
1.13–9.22
| 6.34 | 0.83–48.2 |
Age |
0.97
|
0.94–1.00
| 1.07 | 1.00–1.15 | ||
Educational index |
0.75
|
0.58–0.98
|
0.47
|
0.29–0.78
| ||
Control at work |
0.86
|
0.74–0.98
|
0.81
|
0.67–0.99
| ||
Snuff users |
3.46
|
1.35–8.84
| ||||
Psychiatric symptoms |
3.53
|
1.53–8.15
| ||||
Specific back diagnosis during follow up |
18.9
|
8.9–40.1
|
11.4
|
5.43–23.7
|
26.6
|
10.4–67.9
|