Background
Approximately 20% of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder present with muscle invasive cancer [
1]. However, the majority of bladder malignancies do not invade muscle at diagnosis (Tis, Ta, and T1). The clinical problem associated with these tumors is their highly unpredictable potential for recurrence and progression into muscle invasive disease [
1]. High-grade bladder tumors with lamina propria invasion (T1) represent those at the greatest risk, rendering the surgical management of this disease subject to much controversy [
2]. Nearly one-third of these patients will require cystectomy as a second-line treatment after failure of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment [
3]. The challenge is to identify these high-risk cases upfront, to offer them cystectomy as primary treatment. For patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection remains the mainstay of treatment. Overall, approximately 50% of these patients will develop distant metastases after surgical treatment and die of the disease [
4]. The prognosis worsens for patients with tumours involving perivesical fat or adjacent organs (cT3b-4) and those with lymph node involvement. In these patients, cystectomy alone offers a cure rate of only 20%–30% [
5]. Hence, there is a great need for novel prognostic and treatment predictive biomarkers to improve clinical management of patients with urothelial bladder cancer.
Reduced expression of the RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) has previously been demonstrated to correlate with an impaired prognosis in several major human cancer forms i.e. breast, ovarian, prostate, colorectal cancer and malignant melanoma [
6‐
10]. While the functional basis for these observations remain to be fully elucidated, the observed association between RBM3 expression and DNA integrity and repair [
10,
11] may be of importance.
In the present study, we examined the prognostic significance of RBM3 expression in tumours from a large prospective cohort of patients with urothelial bladder cancer.
Methods
Patients
All patients with newly diagnosed urothelial bladder cancer at Uppsala University Hospital have been registered prospectively since 1984. This study included patients diagnosed up until 2005 for whom histological specimens were available. Since the majority of tumours was made up of Ta tumours, this group was reduced to include 115 tumours. Patient and tumour characteristics are summarised in Table
1. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated from the date of surgery to date of event or last follow-up. At follow up, patients with non-muscle invasive tumours were categorized as having none, few or frequent recurrences. Definition of few recurrences was less than three recurrent tumours within 18 months, whereas frequent recurrences were three or more recurrences within the same time period. Progression was defined as shift of the tumor into a higher stage. Median time to progression for patients with non-muscle invasive disease was 18.0 months (range 2.0-55.0). Follow-up time for non-recurrent and non-progressing cases were ≥4 and ≥5-years, respectively.
Table 1
Distribution of patient and tumour characteristics in the evaluated cohort (n=343)
Age
| |
Mean | 71.85 |
Median | 73.00 |
(Range) | 31-96 |
Sex
| |
Female | 83 (24.2) |
Male | 260 (75.8) |
Smoking
| |
Smoker | 130 (79.8) |
Non-smoker | 33 (20.2) |
Unknown
| 180 |
T-stage
| |
pTa | 115 (33.5) |
pT1 | 116 (33.8) |
pT2 | 90 (26.2) |
pT3 | 17 (1.5) |
pT4 | 5 (5.0) |
Grade
| |
Low | 82 (23.9) |
High | 261(76.1) |
N-stage
| |
0 | 43 (78.2) |
1 | 12 (21.8) |
unknown | 288 |
M-stage
| |
0 | 92 (70.2) |
1 | 39 (29.8) |
unknown | 212 |
Tissue microarray construction
The use of these patient samples for protein profiling was approved by the regional ethical review board of Uppsala (reference number 2005:339). All tumours were histopathologically re-evaluated and classified according to the WHO grading system of 2004 [
12] by a board certified pathologist. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed using a semi-automated arraying device (TMArrayer, Pathology Devices, Westminister, MD, USA). All tumour samples were represented in duplicate tissue cores (1mm).
Immunohistochemistry and staining evaluation
For immunohistochemical analysis, 4 μm TMA-sections were automatically pre-treated using the PT Link system and then stained in an Autostainer Plus (DAKO; Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark) with the mouse monoclonal anti-RBM3 antibody AAb030038 (Atlas Antibodies AB, Stockholm, Sweden) diluted 1:10000. The specificity of the antibody has been validated previously [
6,
10], also in the human bladder cancer cell line RT-4, in which RBM3 was demonstrated to be highly expressed [
6]. RBM3 staining was evaluated by two independent observers (KB and KJ) who were blinded to clinical and outcome data. RBM3 was mainly expressed in the nuclei and the fraction of cells with nuclear positivity (NF) denoted as 0 (0-1%), 1 (2-25%), 2 (26-75%), 3 (>75%), and the intensity of staining (NI) as 0 (negative), 1 (weak), 2 (moderate) and 3 (strong). The fraction of positively staining cells was estimated across both sampled cores, and the dominating staining intensity denoted. A combined nuclear score (NS), e.g. multiplier of NF × NI, was then constructed as previously described [
9,
10].
Statistics
Spearman’s rho and Chi-square tests were applied for analysis of the correlation between RBM3 expression and clinicopathological characteristics. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log rank test were used to illustrate differences in progression free survival (PFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), overall survival (OS) and 5-year OS in strata according to RBM3 expression. For survival analyses, RBM3 expression was trichotomized into negative (NS=0), intermediate (NS=1-6) and high (NS=9), or dichotomised into negative (NS=0) vs positive (NS≥1) or negative-intermediate (NS 0–6) versus high (NS=9). Cox regression proportional hazards modelling was used to estimate the impact of negative vs positive RBM3 expression on DSS, 5-year OS, PFS in both univariable and multivariable analysis, adjusted for age, sex, T-stage and grade. All tests were two sided. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Discussion
The results from this study show that reduced RBM3 expression is significantly associated with more aggressive tumours and an independent predictor of reduced survival in patients with urothelial bladder cancer. Moreover, in patients with Ta and T1 tumours, reduced RBM3 expression correlated with a significantly shorter time to disease progression, despite the comparatively low number of events, and negative RBM3 expression was an independent predictor of a reduced 5-year overall survival. The association between RBM3 expression and a favorable clinical outcome has been demonstrated in several other cancer forms [
6‐
10] but this is, to our knowledge, the first report of the prognostic impact of RBM3 expression in urothelial bladder cancer.
In this comparatively large study of retrospectively collected tumours from a prospective cohort of patients with urothelial bladder cancer, the most evident impact of RBM3 expression was seen for disease specific and overall survival, both in the full cohort and in subgroup analysis of patients with Ta and T1 tumours. The fact that the impact on progression-free survival in patients with Ta and T1 tumours was not as significant may be due to the lower number of events, and therefore, the association between RBM3 expression and tumour progression merits further validation in other cohorts. Notably, RBM3 expression was not associated with neither occurrence nor frequency of local recurrence. These findings may indeed indicate different, or even opposing, tumour biological roles for RBM3 in tumour initiation and progression of urothelial bladder cancer. Previous studies, e.g. in malignant melanoma, have demonstrated that the correlation between reduced RBM3 expression and overall survival was more evident than the correlation to recurrent disease [
8]. Speculatively, these findings could indicate that loss of RBM3 expression results in a tumour phenotype more prone to metastatic spread than local aggressiveness. RBM3 has previously been shown to be upregulated in neoplastic as compared to normal tissue [
7,
9], which also seems to be true for urothelial bladder epithelium versus urothelial neoplasms (
http://www.proteinatlas.org). While urothelial bladder cancer is in its nature a recurrent disease [
1], a recurrence does not per se affect survival from the disease. It is therefore plausible to assume that tumours with high RBM3 expression may well recur, while loss of RBM3 expression will generate a disease more likely to muscle invasion and distant spread.
The precise functional mechanisms behind loss of RBM3 and a more aggressive tumour behaviour remain to be elucidated. However, in vitro models need to be designed and interpreted with the impact of RBM3 expression on clinical outcome in mind, and the previously demonstrated pro-tumourigenic properties for RBM3 in vitro, e.g. that siRNA mediated silencing of the gene renders cancer cells less proliferative [
10,
13,
14], should not be interpreted as being contradictory to its association with a prolonged survival when expressed in human tumours.
In a translational context, further probing of the association between RBM3 and DNA integrity and repair, that has been demonstrated in epithelial ovarian cancer in vivo and in vitro [
11], may give more insight into the mechanistic basis for the favourable prognostic impact of RBM3 expression, once a tumour has been established. The link between RBM3 expression and an attenuated DNA damage response not only fits with its previously demonstrated association with cisplatin sensitivity , but also its association with good prognosis, since a deficient DNA repair system may well decrease the capability of invasion and metastatic spread [
15,
16]. Along this line, it would also be of interest to investigate the impact of RBM3 as a predictor of response to platinum-based chemotherapy, both in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant and palliative setting, cisplatin being one of the cornerstones in the medical treatment of bladder cancer [
17‐
20]. Few molecular markers have proven to be efficient predictors of treament response, and none have been incorporated into clinical protocols. The question of the role of RBM3 as a marker for platinum sensitivity could not be addressed in the present study, as treatment data was lacking for the majority of the patients.
The clinical management of urothelial bladder cancer holds room for improvement. The monitoring is not only troublesome for the patients, but is also costly for the health care system. In fact, due to its high rate of recurrence and invasive monitoring requirements, urothelial bladder cancer has the highest lifetime treatment cost per patient of all cancers in the United States [
21]. Hence, the benefit of finding tools to better identify patients more likely to have, or being at risk of developing, muscle invasive and metastatic desease is evident. Here, we have demonstrated a stepwise reduced survival with decreasing levels of nuclear RBM3 expression. While the greatest impact on DSS and OS was seen for patients with tumours lacking RBM3 expression, an increased risk of disease progression was also observed in the patient group with intermediate expression. This observation, together with the strong correlation between loss of RBM3 and muscle invasive disease, indicates that loss of RBM3 expression may indeed be a marker of disease progression. Therefore, immunohistochemical assessment of RBM3 expression could prove to be a valuable tool to more accurately predict muscle invasion, even in suboptimal samples from transurethral resections of the bladder. Moreover, it would be of interest to evaluate whether immunocytochemical RBM3 expression could be a useful diagnostic tool for urine cytology samples, to distinguish between different low-grade urothelial neoplastic lesions, e.g. papillary neoplasms of low malignant potential and low-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas, entities with considerable cytologic-histologic discrepancies [
22]. While the findings in the present study are based on analyses of transitional cell carcinoma, it would also be of interest to examine RBM3 expression and its possible prognostic implications in other histological subtypes of bladder cancer, e.g. squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.
Competing interests
Jakob Eberhard and Karin Jirström hold pending intellectual property in relation to RBM3 as a prognostic biomarker in the treatment of bladder cancer. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
KB evaluated the immunohistochemical stainings, performed the statistical analyses and drafted the manuscript, US collected clinical data, assisted with the statistical analysis and helped draft the manuscript, GA assisted with the statistical analysis and helped draft the manuscript, JE contributed with the conception and design of the study, MU contributed with antibody validation, KJ conceived of the study, evaluated the immunohistochemistry, and helped draft the manuscript, PUM is responsible for the patient cohort and clinical database, and helped draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.