Background
Common name | Botanical name (Family) | Properties [37, 42, 43] |
---|---|---|
Aniseed oil |
Pimpinella anisum (Umbelliferae) | Carminative, stimulant, expectorant, condiment and flavouring agent. |
Calamus oil |
Acorus calamus (Araceae) | Carminative, bitter stimulant, vermifuge and insect repellent |
Camphor oil |
Cinnamomuum camphora (Lauraceae) | Rubefacient, tooth powder and cosmetic agent. |
Cedarwood oil |
Cedrus atlantica (Coniferae) | Antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, fungicidal, sedative and stimulant. |
Cinnamon oil |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Lauraceae) | Carminative, stomachic, astringent, stimulant and antiseptic. |
Citronella oil |
Cymbopogon nardus (Gramineae) | Perfumery, mosquito repellent and flavouring agent. |
Clove oil |
Eugenia caryophyllus (Myrtaceae) | Dental analgesic, carminative, stimulant and antiseptic. |
Eucalyptus oil |
Eucalyptus globulu s (Myrtaceae) | Counter-irritant, antiseptic, expectorant, cough reliever. |
Geranium oil |
Pelargonium graveolens (Geraniaceae) | Flavouring agent and stimulant. |
Lavender oil |
Lavandula angustifolia (Labiatae) | Stimulant and flavouring agent. |
Lemon oil |
Citrus limon (Rutaceae) | Carminative, stimulant, perfuming and flavouring agent. |
Lemongrass oil |
Cymbopogon citratus (Graminae) | Flavouring agent, antiseptic and deodorant. |
Lime oil |
Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae) | Stomachic, carminative and flavouring agent. |
Nutmeg oil |
Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) | Stimulant, anti rheumatic and carminative. |
Orange oil |
Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae) | Stomachic, carminative and flavouring agent. |
Palmarosa oil |
Cymbopogon martini (Graminae) | Cosmetic, anti rheumatism and insect repellent. |
Peppermint oil |
Mentha piperita (Labiatae) | Digestent, stimulant and tonic. |
Rosemary oil |
Rosmarinus officinalis (Labiatae) | Carminative, stimulant and flavouring agent. |
Basil oil |
Ocimum sanctum (Labiatae) | Antibacterial, insecticidal, stimulant, stomachic and diaphoretic. |
Vetiver oil |
Vetiveria zizanioides (Graminae) | Stimulant, refrigerant, flavouring agent, stomachic and fixative. |
Wintergreen oil |
Gaultheria fragrantissima (Ericaceae) | Irritant, vermicide agent and flavouring agent. |
Methods
Essential oils
Test organism
Antibacterial assay
MIC assay
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
Results
Oil Name |
S. aureus
|
B. subtilis
|
K. pneumoniae
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration | 1:1 | 1:5 | 1:10 | 1:20 | 1:1 | 1:5 | 1:10 | 1:20 | 1:1 | 1:5 | 1:10 | 1:20 |
Aniseed oil | - | - | - | - | 12.1 ± 1.0klm
| 10.8 ± 0.2ij
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Calamus oil | - | - | - | - | 17.9 ± 0.9def
| 14.7 ± 0.5cd
| 12.6 ± 0.5 c
| 11.3 ± 1.2d
| - | - | - | - |
Camphor oil | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.5 ± 0.5e
| - | - | - |
Cedar wood | - | - | - | - | 13.4 ± 0.5jkl
| 12.2 ± 0.5ghi
| 99 ± 0fg
| - | - | - | - | - |
Cinnamon oil | 20.8 ± 0.5 a
| 18.7 ± 0.2a
| 14.8 ± 0.2b
| 13.7 ± 0.28b
| 29.9 ± 0.7 a
| 27.8 ± 1.1 a
| 24.1 ± 1.1 a
| 22.8 ± 0.2b
| 27.5 ± 0.5a
| 23.5 ± 0.5a
| 20.9 ± 0.2a
| 18.6 ± 0.5a
|
Citronella oil | 15.8 ± 0.3bc
| 10.3 ± 0.5de
| - | - | 14.6 ± 0.5ij
| 12.5 ± 0.5ghi
| 10.3 ± 0.5de
| 9.3 ± 0.5ef
| - | - | - | - |
Clove oil | 16.3 ± 0.5 b
| 14.0 ± 0bc
| 8.1 ± 1.1d
| 9.8 ± 0.57c
| 14.5 ± 0.2hij
| 13.1 ± 0.2ef
| 10.1 ± 1.0def
| 8.9 ± 0.2f
| 16.2 ± 0.5c
| 14.4 ± 0.5b
| 8.4 ± 0.5c
| - |
Eucalyptus oil | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Geranium oil | 10.4 ± 0.5e
| 8.9 ± 0.2e
| - | - | 17.2 ± 0.2defg
| 14.7 ± 0.5cde
| - | - | 10.8 ± 0.2d
| 9 ± 0c
| - | - |
Lavender | - | - | - | - | 12.5 ± 0.4jk
| 11.1 ± 0.2hi
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Lemon oil | 17.5 ± 1.1b
| 14.5 ± 0.2b
| 8.3 ± 0.2d
| - | 16.9 ± 0.2efgh
| 14.5 ± 0.5cdef
| 8.9 ± 0.5 g
| - | 16.5 ± 0.5c
| 15.3 ± 1.1b
| 8.7 ± 0.5c
| - |
Lemongrass oil | 11.4 ± 1.0 de
| 8.9 ± 0.2e
| - | - | 16.7 ± 0.5fghi
| 15.1 ± 0.7 c
| 8.9 ± 1.0fg
| - | 8.3 ± 0.5e
| - | - | - |
Lime oil | 14.2 ± 0.5cd
| 12.7 ± .2bcd
| 10.3 ± 0. | 9 ± 0.00c
| 23.9 ± 1.1 c
| 20.8 ± 0.7 b
| 15.8 ± 0.2 b
| 14.1 ± 1.1c
| 16.1 ± 1.1c
| 14.6 ± 0.5b
| 12.9 ± 0.5b
| 12.6 ± 0.5b
|
Nutmeg | 11.7 ± 0.8de
| 9.1 ± 0.2e
| - | - | 11.5 ± 0.5mn
| 10.9 ± 0.2hij
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Orange oil | 12.8 ± 0.2cd
| 10.6 ± 0.2cde
| - | - | 18.6 ± 0.8de
| 15.7 ± 1.2 c | 9.4 ± 0.5efg
| 10.6 ± .5e
| 11.9 ± 0.7d
| 9.31.1c
| - | - |
Palmarosa oil | 12.5 ± 0.2cd
| 10.9 ± 0.5de
| 8 ± 0d
| - | 15.4 ± 0.5ghi
| 14.2 ± 1cdef
| 12.5 ± 0.4 c
| 11.3 ± 0.5d
| - | - | - | - |
Peppermint oil | 8.1 ± 0.5f
| - | - | - | 10.6 ± 0.5mn
| 8.6 ± 0.4k
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Rosemary oil | 12.5 ± 1d
| 10.6 ± 1.0e
| 8.6 ± 0.2d
| - | 14.7 ± 1hi
| 12.8 ± 0.5efg
| 11.2 ± 0.5cd
| 8.9 ± 0.2f
| 11.9 ± 0.5d
| 9.9 ± 0.7c
| - | - |
Basil oil | 10.3 ± 0.5e
| 8.3 ± 0.5e
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Vetiver oil | - | - | - | - | 18.9 ± 0.9 d
| 15.6 ± 0.5c
| 12.8 ± 0.2 c
| 11.6 ± 0.7d
| - | - | - | - |
Wintergreen | 8.7 ± 0.51f
| - | - | - | 9.9 ± 0.5 n
| 9.1 ± 0.1jk
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Streptomycin** | 20.9 ± 0.5 | 26.9 ± 0.5 | 20.9 ± 0.9 | |||||||||
Vehicle control | - | - | - |
Oil Name |
P. vulgaris
|
P. aeruginosa
|
E. coli
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration | 1:1 | 1:5 | 1:10 | 1:20 | 1:1 | 1:5 | 1:10 | 1:20 | 1:1 | 1:5 | 1:10 | 1:20 |
Aniseed oil | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Calamus oil | 11.1 ± 0.7gh
| 9.2 ± 0.5h
| - | - | 13.8 ± 0.5ef
| 12.8 ± 0.4f
| 9.2 ± 0.7 d
| 8.3 ± 0.5 d
| - | - | - | - |
Camphor oil | 8.8 ± 0.7 hi
| - | - | - | 10 ± 0.5gh
| - | - | - | 8.8 ± 1d
| - | - | - |
Cedar wood | 14.1 ± 1.1f
| 12.9 ± 0.5g
| 8.2 ± 0.5f
| - | 15.6 ± 0.5de
| 14.1 ± 0.9ef
| 8.23 ± 0.5d
| - | - | - | - | - |
Cinnamon oil | 29.4 ± 0.5a
| 27 ± 0a
| 18.6 ± 1.52a
| 14.1 ± 0.4b
| 33.3 ± 1.6a
| 32.2 ± 0.5a
| 24.4 ± 0.5a
| 21 ± 0a
| 29.8 ± 0.7a
| 26 ± 1a
| 23.8 ± 1a
| 21 ± 0.2a
|
Citronella oil | 19.5 ± 0.5cd
| 11.3 ± 0.7g
| - | - | 12.1 ± 0.5fg
| 10.4 ± 0.5g
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Clove oil | 20.1 ± 1c
| 18.2 ± 0.5d
| 11.8 ± 0.5d
| 8 ± 0e
| 17.4 ± 0.7d
| 15.5 ± 0.2e
| 8.5 ± 0.5d
| - | 17.4 ± 2c
| 15.1 ± 0.5c
| 10.8 ± 0.5e
| 8 ± 0c
|
Eucalyptus oil | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.5 ± 1d
| - | - | - |
Geranium oil | 19 ± 0.2de
| 14.6 ± 0.2e
| 11 ± 1.5ef
| 8.3 ± 0e
| 21.5 ± 0.2c
| 19.2 ± 1.2d
| 9.4 ± 0.5d
| - | 14.1 ± 1c
| 10.4 ± 1d
| - | - |
Lavender | 10.8 ± 0.5ghi
| 9.3 ± 0.5h
| - | - | 12.1 ± 0.9fg
| 9.9 ± 0.7g
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Lemon oil | 22.5 ± 0.5b
| 18.9 ± 0.5d
| 15.5 ± 0.5c
| 10.7 ± 0.2d
| 21.4 ± 1.1c
| 19.9 ± 0.7cd
| 9.1 ± 0.2d
| - | 21.6 ± 0.5b
| 18.9 ± 0.5b
| 10.6 ± 0.2e
| - |
Lemongrass oil | 14.6 ± 0.7f
| 12.1 ± 0.2g
| 9.5 ± 0.5ef
| - | 23.4 ± 1c
| 19.6 ± 0.5d
| 9.1 ± 0.5d
| - | - | - | - | - |
Lime oil | 27.8 ± 0.5a
| 24 ± 0b
| 17.9 ± 0.1ab
| 13 ± 1c
| 25.5 ± 1b
| 23.5 ± 0.5b
| 13.6 ± 0.7c
| 9.3 ± 0.8c
| 22.7 ± 0.5b
| 18.9 ± 1b
| 15.6 ± 0.5c
| 17.6 ± 1.5b
|
Nutmeg | 14.5 ± 0.7f
| 11.9 ± 0.2g
| 8 ± 0 f
| - | 15.5 ± 0.5de
| 12.9 ± 1f
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Orange oil | 23.7 ± 0.7b
| 22.2 ± 0.7 c
| 16.5 ± 0.2bc
| 10.7 ± 0.5d
| 21.6 ± 0.2c
| 18.8 ± 0.2d
| 9.4 ± 0.5d
| - | 22.9 ± 0.5b
| 19.4 ± 0.7b
| 12.4 ± 0.2d
| - |
Palmarosa oil | 19 ± 0cd
| 15.8 ± 0.2 e
| 9.9 ± 0.2 def
| - | 14.4 ± 0.5ef
| 13.2 ± 0.5ef
| 9.2 ± 0.2d
| - | 8.2 ± 0.5d
| - | - | - |
Peppermint oil | 8.5 ± 0.2i
| - | - | - | 13.4 ± .52ef
| 11.2 ± 0.8g
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
Rosemary oil | 17.4 ± 1cd
| 15.9 ± 0.5ef
| 9.7 ± 0de
| - | 23.4 ± 0.2c
| 21.9 ± 0.5c
| 14.5 ± 0.5b
| 8.3 ± 0.5d
| 17.5 ± 1c
| 15.1 ± 0.7c
| 9.1 ± 0.2f
| - |
Basil oil | 8.9 ± 0.7ghi
| - | - | - | 8.23 ± 0.5h
| - | - | - | 10.5 ± 0.5d
| 8.2 ± 0.5e
| - | - |
Vetiver oil | 11.5 ± 0.5g
| 10.3 ± 0.2 | 11.4 ± 0.5de
| - | 13.5 ± 0.5ef
| 11.7 ± 0.5g
| 8.2 ± 0.2d
| - | - | - | - | - |
Wintergreen | 15.8 ± 0.7ef
| 14.8 ± 0.5 f
| 9.5 ± 1 def
| - | 10.2 | - | - | - | 8.9 ± 1d
| - | - | - |
Streptomycin** | 18.4 ± 0.7 | 16.4 ± 0.2 | 21.2 ± 0.1 | |||||||||
Vehicle control | - | - | - |
Oil name |
S. aureus
|
B. subtilis
|
K. pneumoniae
|
P. vulgaris
|
P. aeruginosa
|
E. coli
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cinnamon oil | 3.2 | >1.6 | 3.2 | >1.6 | >0.8 | >1.6 |
Clove oil | >6.4 | >3.2 | >6.4 | >3.2 | >1.6 | >1.6 |
Geranium oil | >12.8 | >6.4 | 12.8 | >12.8 | >12.8 | >6.4 |
Lemon oil | >12.8 | >12.8 | >12.8 | >6.4 | 12.8 | >6.4 |
Lime oil | 12.8 | >6.4 | >6.4 | >3.2 | >6.4 | >6.4 |
Orange oil | >12.8 | >12.8 | 12.8 | >6.4 | >12.8 | >12.8 |
Rosemary oil | >12.8 | >6.4 | >12.8 | >6.4 | >6.4 | >6.4 |
S. No | Rt (min) | Compound | Peak Area [%] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 7.51 | Benzaldehyde | 12.31 |
2 | 7.77 | Benzyl alcohol | 2.23 |
3 | 8.741 | Cinnamaldehyde | 52.42 |
4 | 9.88 | Benzoic acid | 8.20 |
5 | - | Others | 24.84 |