Background
Method
Study design and data source
Population
Definition of variables
Dependent variables
Independent variables of key interest
Control variables
Statistical approach
Results
Overview: trips for medical/dental care
Distribution, all trips, % | Miles per trip | SE | P value | Minutes per trip | SE | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 100.00 | 0.9602 | 0.0001 | ||||
White | 71.69 | 10.06 | 0.38 | 20.64 | 0.46 | ||
Black | 11.15 | 9.99 | 1.01 | 29.11 | 1.72 | ||
Hispanic | 4.97 | 10.65 | 2.54 | 22.49 | 2.58 | ||
Other | 12.19 | 10.68 | 1.22 | 23.53 | 2.18 | ||
Rural | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
Total | 100.00 | 17.48 | 1.11 | 27.23 | 1.31 | ||
White | 80.79 | 17.11 | 1.20 | 26.36 | 1.32 | ||
Black | 8.55 | 19.83 | 2.68 | 30.19 | 3.64 | ||
Hispanic | 3.46 | 12.50 | 4.22 | 25.26 | 3.59 | ||
Other | 7.20 | 21.27 | 6.46 | 34.43 | 8.81 | ||
Urban | ---- | ---- | |||||
Total | 100.00 | 8.31 | 0.30 | 20.72 | 0.52 | ||
White | 69.40 | 7.99 | 0.33 | 18.97 | 0.46 | ||
Black | 11.80 | 8.20 | 0.87 | 28.91 | 1.98 | ||
Hispanic | 5.35 | 10.35 | 2.93 | 22.04 | 3.01 | ||
Other | 13.45 | 9.25 | 1.08 | 22.05 | 2.27 | ||
Age | 0.3316 | 0.3721 | |||||
0~25 | 21.47 | 9.41 | 0.53 | 20.86 | 1.01 | ||
26~50 | 38.59 | 10.37 | 0.43 | 21.75 | 0.68 | ||
51~75 | 30.23 | 10.55 | 0.58 | 22.58 | 0.67 | ||
76~100 | 9.71 | 9.74 | 1.47 | 23.99 | 1.72 | ||
Sex | 0.1784 | 0.0165 | |||||
Male | 37.02 | 10.51 | 0.40 | 22.97 | 0.61 | ||
Female | 62.98 | 9.95 | 0.35 | 21.48 | 0.52 | ||
Education | 0.5499 | 0.0268 | |||||
High School or Lower | 37.91 | 10.39 | 0.57 | 23.55 | 0.92 | ||
College | 46.07 | 10.29 | 0.47 | 21.48 | 0.67 | ||
Graduate School | 13.68 | 9.24 | 0.91 | 19.98 | 0.92 | ||
Not Ascertained | 2.33 | 9.01 | 1.16 | 20.25 | 1.69 | ||
Medical Condition that Limits Driving | 0.0603 | 0.0013 | |||||
Yes | 13.56 | 12.17 | 1.17 | 26.47 | 1.46 | ||
No | 86.44 | 9.84 | 0.31 | 21.33 | 0.49 | ||
Occupation of Head of Household | 0.5189 | 0.0005 | |||||
Sales or Service | 11.71 | 10.06 | 0.74 | 22.05 | 1.19 | ||
Clerical or Admin. Support | 5.71 | 8.84 | 0.70 | 17.96 | 0.91 | ||
Manufacturing, Construction, Maintenance, or Farming | 7.08 | 10.71 | 1.20 | 20.91 | 1.52 | ||
Professional, Managerial, Technical | 15.77 | 9.95 | 0.59 | 20.58 | 0.78 | ||
Other | 59.73 | 10.29 | 0.45 | 22.93 | 0.61 | ||
Household Income | < 0.0001 | 0.0007 | |||||
< $20,000 | 19.26 | 10.60 | 1.02 | 24.78 | 1.25 | ||
>$20,000 and < $44,999 | 26.89 | 11.14 | 0.70 | 23.42 | 1.19 | ||
>$45,000 and < $69,999 | 23.62 | 10.32 | 0.63 | 21.18 | 0.89 | ||
>$70,000 | 22.46 | 9.42 | 0.60 | 19.07 | 0.72 | ||
Not Ascertained | 7.76 | 7.29 | 0.51 | 21.54 | 1.07 | ||
Family Size | 0.3305 | 0.0068 | |||||
< = 2 Family Members | 41.89 | 10.18 | 0.54 | 22.75 | 0.68 | ||
3 Family Members | 17.52 | 10.23 | 0.75 | 21.46 | 1.09 | ||
4 Family Members | 19.86 | 9.04 | 0.70 | 18.91 | 1.01 | ||
>4 Family Members | 20.73 | 11.12 | 0.84 | 24.06 | 1.40 |
Characteristics of Trip | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distribution all trips, % | Miles per trip | SE | P value | Minutes per trip | SE | P value | |
Mode of Travel | < 0.0001 | 0.0069 | |||||
Personal Vehicle | 93.78 | 10.56 | 0.33 | 21.57 | 0.47 | ||
Public/Walk/Other | 6.22 | 4.08 | 0.65 | 28.96 | 2.68 | ||
Driver/Passenger Status | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |||||
Passenger | 33.75 | 12.03 | 0.56 | 23.49 | 0.76 | ||
Not Passenger | 60.12 | 9.76 | 0.29 | 20.52 | 0.40 | ||
Public/Walk/Other | 6.13 | 3.74 | 0.62 | 28.79 | 2.70 | ||
Day of Week | 0.1540 | 0.5368 | |||||
Business Day (Mon.- Friday) | 76.44 | 9.86 | 0.34 | 21.88 | 0.54 | ||
Weekend (Saturday- Sunday) | 23.56 | 11.11 | 0.78 | 22.53 | 0.93 | ||
Time of Day | < 0.0001 | 0.0001 | |||||
Midnight – 8 am | 6.25 | 16.93 | 2.20 | 30.18 | 2.97 | ||
Business Hours (8 am – 5 pm) | 90.53 | 9.82 | 0.33 | 21.65 | 0.51 | ||
5 pm – Midnight | 3.22 | 6.55 | 0.89 | 16.79 | 1.74 | ||
Characteristics of Community
| |||||||
Traffic Conditions | 0.7084 | 0.2450 | |||||
Yes | 26.42 | 9.99 | 0.50 | 22.71 | 0.67 | ||
No | 73.58 | 10.22 | 0.37 | 21.79 | 0.56 | ||
Region | < 0.0001 | 0.0081 | |||||
Northeast | 19.45 | 7.10 | 0.49 | 19.86 | 0.83 | ||
South | 21.78 | 10.49 | 0.51 | 20.59 | 0.70 | ||
Midwest | 35.49 | 11.56 | 0.56 | 23.32 | 0.69 | ||
West | 23.28 | 10.26 | 0.88 | 23.22 | 1.44 | ||
Job density | < 0.0001 | 0.0007 | |||||
Low | 22.33 | 16.42 | 1.03 | 26.12 | 1.24 | ||
Median | 24.52 | 9.73 | 0.62 | 21.32 | 1.26 | ||
High | 24.63 | 9.18 | 0.68 | 21.27 | 1.10 | ||
Very High | 28.53 | 6.47 | 0.35 | 20.10 | 0.63 |
Distance traveled for medical/dental care
Distance Traveled to Work | Time Spent in Travel for Work | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance traveled
| Miles | SE | P-value** | Minutes | SE | P-value** |
Total | ||||||
Race | 0.0026 | < 0.0001 | ||||
White | 12.57 | 0.15 | ---- | 22.92 | 0.21 | ---- |
African American | 11.01 | 0.37 | 0.0002 | 24.80 | 0.63 | 0.0025 |
Hispanic | 12.09 | 1.25 | 0.7016 | 23.53 | 1.01 | 0.5414 |
Other | 12.86 | 0.55 | 0.5983 | 25.53 | 0.65 | 0.0001 |
Residence | < 0.0001 | 0.9709 | ||||
Rural | 15.56 | 0.35 | < 0.0001 | 23.48 | 0.43 | 0.9709 |
Urban | 11.62 | 0.17 | ---- | 23.47 | 0.23 | ---- |
Time spent in travel for care
High Travel Burden – More than 30 Miles (48.3 Kilometers) or 30 Minutes Per Trip
Trips for medical/dental care of 30 Miles (48.3 km) or more
Percent of trips that are 30 or more miles (46.3 km) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Rural | Urban | |||||
Percent | SE | Percent | SE | Percent | SE | P-values for residence | |
Total | 7.91 | 0.72 | 21.44 | 2.45 | 4.50 | 0.70 | < 0.0001 |
White | 7.46 | 0.82 | 21.53 | 2.81 | 3.33 | 0.58 | < 0.0001 |
African American | 6.71 | 1.91 | 23.35 | 9.47 | 3.67 | 1.44 | 0.0484 |
Hispanic | 11.68 | 5.15 |
6.40
|
6.02
| 12.54 | 5.95 | 0.4777 |
Other | 10.08 | 3.54 | 25.42 | 12.85 | 8.01 | 3.79 | 0.2201 |
P values for race | 0.6461 | 0.3560 | 0.2434 | ||||
Percent of trips that are 30 minutes or more | |||||||
Total | Rural | Urban | |||||
Percent | SE | Percent | SE | Percent | SE | P-values for residence | |
Total | 28.54 | 1.33 | 41.26 | 2.99 | 25.33 | 1.49 | < 0.0001 |
White | 24.41 | 1.32 | 38.45 | 2.98 | 20.29 | 1.43 | < 0.0001 |
African American | 49.71 | 4.85 | 54.87 | 16.35 | 48.77 | 5.09 | 0.6933 |
Hispanic | 32.86 | 7.48 |
56.09
|
19.37
| 29.06 | 8.60 | 0.2241 |
Other | 31.68 | 4.09 | 49.43 | 10.14 | 29.28 | 4.60 | 0.1100 |
P values for race | < 0.0001 | 0.4320 | 0.0001 |
Travel of 30 miles or more a
| Travel of 30 minutes or more b
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Characteristics of Traveler
| ||||
Residence | ||||
Rural | 2.67** | 1.39, 5.15 | 1.80* | 1.09, 2.99 |
Urban (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Race | ||||
White (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Black | 1.03 | 0.53, 2.02 | 3.04*** | 2.00, 4.62 |
Hispanic | 2.45 | 0.51, 11.77 | 1.23 | 0.56, 2.69 |
Other | 1.90 | 0.69, 5.19 | 1.64* | 1.07, 2.51 |
Age | ||||
0~25 | 1.32 | 0.73, 2.36 | 0.95 | 0.70, 1.31 |
26~50 (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
51~75 | 1.31 | 0.73, 2.35 | 1.05 | 0.79, 1.40 |
76~100 | 1.59 | 0.68, 3.69 | 1.18 | 0.77, 1.83 |
Sex | ||||
Male (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Female | 1.08 | 0.80, 1.46 | 0.83 | 0.68, 1.00 |
Education | ||||
High School or Lower | 1.10 | 0.59, 2.04 | 0.94 | 0.71, 1.24 |
College (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Graduate School | 0.63 | 0.25, 1.61 | 0.95 | 0.60, 1.51 |
Not Ascertained | 0.65 | 0.15, 2.78 | 0.63 | 0.32, 1.27 |
Medical Condition that Limits Driving | ||||
Yes (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
No | 0.64 | 0.39, 1.04 | 0.82 | 0.60, 1.11 |
Occupation of Head of Household | ||||
Sales or Service (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Clerical or Administrative Support | 0.52 | 0.19, 1.39 | 1.11 | 0.71, 1.71 |
Manufacturing, Construction, Maintenance, or Farming | 1.23 | 0.47, 3.26 | 0.84 | 0.49, 1.45 |
Professional, Managerial or Technical | 1.02 | 0.48, 2.17 | 1.25 | 0.85, 1.86 |
Other | 0.84 | 0.46, 1.55 | 1.20 | 0.85, 1.70 |
Household Income | ||||
< $20,000 (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
>$20,000 and < $44,999 | 1.18 | 0.54, 2.61 | 0.97 | 0.65, 1.45 |
>$45,000 and < $69,999 | 0.90 | 0.43, 1.87 | 0.78 | 0.52, 1.16 |
>$70,000 | 1.17 | 0.51, 2.69 | 0.68 | 0.42, 1.09 |
Not Ascertained | 0.30 | 0.09, 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.53, 1.51 |
Family Size | ||||
< = 2 Family Members (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
3 Family Members | 0.98 | 0.46, 2.10 | 0.96 | 0.64, 1.45 |
4 Family Members | 0.80 | 0.39, 1.63 | 1.02 | 0.67, 1.54 |
>4 Family Members | 1.29 | 0.62, 2.68 | 1.44 | 0.96, 2.18 |
Characteristics of Trip
| ||||
Mode of Travel | ||||
Personal Vehicle (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Public/Walk/Other | 0.40 | 0.13, 1.26 | 2.22*** | 1.42, 3.46 |
Day of Week | ||||
Business Day (Monday- Friday) (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Weekend (Saturday-Sunday) | 1.43 | 0.88, 2.34 | 1.16 | 0.85, 1.59 |
Time of Day | ||||
Midnight – 8 am | 2.54* | 1.12, 5.78 | 1.86* | 1.12, 3.10 |
Business Hours (8 am – 5 pm) (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
5 pm – midnight | 0.20*** | 0.09, 0.43 | 0.71 | 0.31, 1.61 |
Characteristics of Community
| ||||
Traffic Condition | ||||
Yes (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
No | 0.83 | 0.58, 1.20 | 0.81 | 0.64, 1.02 |
Region | ||||
Northeast (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
South | 0.98 | 0.47, 2.06 | 1.24 | 0.87, 1.78 |
Midwest | 1.46 | 0.76, 2.80 | 1.38 | 0.97, 1.95 |
West | 2.11 | 0.88, 5.05 | 1.40 | 0.98, 2.00 |
Job Density | ||||
Low (ref) | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Median | 0.52 | 0.23, 1.16 | 0.94 | 0.58, 1.53 |
High | 0.49 | 0.20, 1.19 | 0.86 | 0.50, 1.46 |
Very High | 0.19** | 0.07, 0.52 | 0.62 | 0.37, 1.03 |