Background
Methods
Animals, housing, diets and surgery
Food ingredients | Saturated fat diet plus cholesterol | Unsaturated fat diet | Starch diet |
---|---|---|---|
Milk protein (caseinate)
| 23.2 | 23.2 | 17.7 |
Fructose
| 9.2 | 9.2 | 7.1 |
Maltodextrin DE 19
| 30.8 | 30.8 | 23.6 |
Native pea starch
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 41.4 |
Total sugar and starch
| 40.0 | 40.0 | 72.1 |
Soy bean oil
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.7 |
Lecithin
| 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
Canola oil (rape oil/Lear)
| 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 |
Trisun 80, high oleic sunflower oil
| 0.0 | 23.0 | 0.0 |
Beef tallow
| 27.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Total fat
| 27.2 | 27.2 | 2.7 |
Fiber: Fibrim 2000
| 9.4 | 9.4 | 7.3 |
Premix
1
| 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.15 |
Cholesterol
2
| 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Total (%)
| 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Gross Energy (GE; MJ/kg)
| 23.4 | 23.4 | 17.9 |
Timeline
Meal tolerance test and blood pressure
Hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp and 6,6-2H2-glucose infusion
Plasma, urine and tissue collection and analyses
Statistical analyses
Results
Body composition
Saturated fat plus cholesterol diet | Unsaturated fat diet | Starch diet | |
---|---|---|---|
Factual average food intake (MJ/day)
| 23.9 ± 1.3 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | 27.7 ± 0.9 |
Average urinary glucose excretion (MJ/day)
| 8.5 ± 1.0A | 9.1 ± 1.1A | 15.8 ± 2.1B |
Final body weight (kg)
| 41 ± 3 | 45 ± 5 | 48 ± 7 |
Liver weight (kg)
| 1.47 ± 0.08A | 1.12 ± 0.03B | 1.11 ± 0.03B |
Liver triglyceride concentration (g/kg)
| 49 ± 11A | 27 ± 1B | 21 ± 3B |
Muscle triglyceride concentration (g/kg)
| 21 ± 4A | 13 ± 3AB | 8 ± 1B |
Retroperitoneal fat weight (g)
| 260 ± 72AB | 571 ± 95A | 135 ± 51B |
Surface area aorta fatty steaks (%)
| 17.9 ± 4.4A | 0.03 ± 0.02B | 0.14 ± 0.07B |
Metabolic control
Saturated fat plus cholesterol diet | Unsaturated fat diet | Starch diet | |
---|---|---|---|
Fasting plasma fructosamine (μmol/L)
| 449 ± 25 | 494 ± 62 | 558 ± 103 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)
| 12.4 ± 0.4 | 14.4 ± 0.7 | 12.7 ± 1.6 |
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/L)
| 23 ± 7 | 26 ± 7 | 22 ± 4 |
Fasting hepatic glucose production (mg.kg
-1
.min
-1
)
| 7.4 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 0.5 | 8.2 ± 2.0 |
Clamp plasma glucose (steady state, mmol/L)
| 5.7 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.2 |
Clamp plasma insulin (steady state, pmol/L)
| 320 ± 27 | 409 ± 33 | 327 ± 33 |
Insulin-stimulated whole body glucose uptake (mg.kg
-1
.min
-1
)
| 10.0 ± 2.3 | 9.5 ± 2.1 | 10.8 ± 2.8 |
Insulin-inhibited hepatic glucose production
(mg.kg
-1
.min
-1
)
| 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.1 |
Saturated fat plus cholesterol diet | Unsaturated fat diet | Starch diet | |
---|---|---|---|
NEFA (mmol/L)
| 1.09 ± 0.17A | 0.80 ± 0.14AB | 0.58 ± 0.14B |
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
| 0.58 ± 0.17 | 0.51 ± 0.05 | 0.43 ± 0.11 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
| 9.9 ± 1.2A | 2.0 ± 0.1 B | 1.7 ± 0.2 B |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
| 2.1 ± 0.2A | 0.4 ± 0.0 B | 0.5 ± 0.0 B |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
| 3.3 ± 0.3A | 1.3 ± 0.1 B | 1.1 ± 0.1 B |
VLDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
| 4.5 ± 0.8A | 0.2 ± 0.1 B | 0.1 ± 0.0 B |
Ratio HDL/LDL cholesterol
| 0.64 ± 0.08 | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.46 ± 0.03 |
Ratio HDL/total cholesterol
| 0.21 ± 0.01A | 0.23 ± 0.02A | 0.29 ± 0.01 B |
Glucagon (pmol/L)
| 131 ± 25 | 114 ± 35 | 83 ± 10 |
Cortisol (nmol/L)
| 334 ± 44 | 284 ± 69 | 262 ± 50 |
Haptoglobin (pg/mL)
| 251 ± 132 | 394 ± 100 | 236 ± 52 |
IL-6 (pg/mL)
| 2224 ± 1102 | 818 ± 664 | 459 ± 270 |
TNF-α (pg/mL)
| 610 ± 289 | 394 ± 248 | 384 ± 135 |
Inflammation
Atherosclerosis and blood pressure
Saturated fat plus cholesterol diet | Unsaturated fat diet | Starch diet | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean arterial pressure
(mmHg)
| 113 ± 14 | 96 ± 5 | 96 ± 4 |
Systolic pressure (mmHg)
| 139 ± 18 | 117 ± 5 | 116 ± 5 |
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)
| 97 ± 13 | 78 ± 5 | 78 ± 4 |
Heart rate (beats per minute)
| 109 ± 10 | 92 ± 21 | 109 ± 22 |