Background
Methods
Patients
Study design
Group allocation by age and glycemic control
Group allocation by gender and glycemic control
Statistics
Results
HbA1C = < 7.0 (Gp.MF) | HbA1C 7.0 < (Gp.MP) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
= < 70y.o. | Insulin (-) | Insulin (+) | P | Insulin (-) | Insulin (+) | P |
Mean(SD) | Mean(SD) | Mean(SD) | Mean(SD) | |||
Duration of Diabetes (yrs) | 6.67 (7.50) | 12.18 (9.31) | 0.012* | 9.53(8.05) | 12.48 (8.15) | 0.011* |
FBS (mg/dl) | 145.2 (44.4) | 158.2 (55) | 0.022* | 183.7(63.4) | 173.7(71) | 0.134 |
SBP (mmHg) | 134.4 (15.5) | 133.4 (17.6) | 0.409 | 133.4(17.7) | 132.7 (18.3) | 0.893 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77 (12.3) | 73.2 (14.8) | 0.011* | 76 (10.9) | 73.4(11) | 0.04* |
TG (mg/dl) | 148.3(119.9) | 135.5 (65.3) | 0.844 | 154.1(111.6) | 141.9 (184) | 0.03* |
HDL-C(mg/dl) | 55(14.2) | 57.2 (15.1) | 0.062 | 52.8(13.4) | 59.7(21.5) | 0.001** |
LDL-C(mg/dl) | 116.3(31.9) | 110.5 (27.9) | 0.034* | 123.4(35.9) | 120.2(33.3) | 0.52 |
% | % | P | % | % | P | |
Gender (Male/total)
| 61.8 | 49.6 | 0.011* | 53.3 | 47.5 | 0.116 |
Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs
| 53.9 | 49.3 | 0.131 | 52.7 | 58.6 | 0.477 |
statin
| 41.4 | 39.0 | 0.122 | 48.5 | 45.7 | 0.444 |
Oral diabetic drugs
| 44.4 | 10 | < 0.001** | 82.0 | 6.7 | < 0.001** |
sulfonylurea
| 43.0 | 9.0 | < 0.001** | 79.4 | 8.6 | < 0.001** |
Anti-hypertensive drugs
| 66.1 | 47.9 | 0.042* | 54.8 | 51.0 | 0.921 |
70 +y.o. |
HbA1C = < 7.0 (Gp.OF)
|
HbA1C 7.0 < (Gp.OP)
| ||||
Insulin (-)
|
Insulin (+)
|
P
|
Insulin (-)
|
Insulin (+)
|
P
| |
Mean(SD)
|
Mean(SD)
|
Mean(SD)
|
Mean(SD)
| |||
Duration of Diabetes (yrs) | 10.83 (8.75) | 12.2 (9.67) | 0.12 | 10.67 (9.17) | 11.0 (9.50) | 0.43 |
FBS (mg/dl) | 146.2 (47.1) | 159.1 (59) | 0.052 | 174.5 (70.5) | 181.7 (75.5) | 0.224 |
SBP (mmHg) | 136.2 (16.4) | 135.7 (17) | 0.896 | 136.4 (15.9) | 136.2 (17) | 0.822 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.7 (11.2) | 70.4 (11.6) | 0.256 | 73.1 (11.3) | 73.1 (11.1) | 0.832 |
TG (mg/dl) | 127.5 (73.4) | 124.3 (75.3) | 0.168 | 130.8 (75) | 124.6 (69.3) | 0.53 |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 55.1 (16) | 55 (17.3) | 0.953 | 54.7 (16.1) | 54.7 (16.5) | 0.888 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 114.1 (29) | 112.3 (30.3) | 0.704 | 118.2 (30.7) | 117.8 (33.6) | 0.541 |
% | % | P | % | % | P | |
Gender (Male/total)
| 54 | 45.9 | 0.061 | 53.2 | 37.9 | 0.035* |
Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs
| 50.2 | 46.0 | 0.140 | 46.7 | 50 | 0.307 |
statin
| 43.9 | 40.2 | 0.003** | 43.3 | 42.5 | 0.167 |
Oral diabetic drugs
| 62.6 | 18.5 | < 0.001** | 84.6 | 19.1 | < 0.001** |
sulfonylurea
| 60.1 | 12.6 | < 0.001** | 79.4 | 8.0 | < 0.001** |
Anti-hypertensive drugs
| 68.2 | 59.9 | 0.904 | 60.9 | 54.6 | 0.370 |
Multiple regression analysis examining the relationship between the risk of IHD and clinical variables for each group divided by age and glucose control
IHD = < 70 y.o. | Mean(SD) | Hgb A1C = < 7.0 (Gp.MF) | 7.0 < HgbA1C (Gp.MP) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of events | 17 | 15 | |||
Univariate
|
Multivariate
|
Univariate
|
Multivariate
| ||
Male/Female | 0.96 | 0.75 (0.40-1.37) | 1.03 (0.62-1.74) | ||
Age (y.o.) | 60.9(7.9)y.o. | 1.06 (0.98-1.20) | 1.03 (0.96-1.13) | ||
Duration of diabetes (years) | 9.15(8.22) | 1.04+ (0.99-1.09) | 1.03 (0.96-1.08) | ||
Hemoglobin A1C(%)
| 7.38(1.31) | 1.16 (0.40-4.37) | 1.01 (0.60-1.50) | ||
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 146.9(129.5) | 1.01 (0.99 - 1.03) | 1.01 (0.94-1.04) | ||
LDL-Chol (mg/dl)
| 119.2(34.1) |
1.13* (1.01-1.28)
|
1.12
+
(1.00-1.28)
| 1.04 (0.87-1.21) | |
HDL-Chol (mg/dl)
| 55.4(16.2) |
0.54* (0.29-0.91)
|
0.46*(0.26-0.85)
| 0.78 (0.53-1.08) | |
Systolic BP(mmHg)
| 133.5(17.5) |
1.58* (1.11-2.24)
|
1.81**(1.19-2.93)
| 1.07 (0.80-1.49) | |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.5(11.7) | 0.94 (0.63-1.58) | 0.96 (0.63-1.62) | ||
Insulin user (%) | 32.80% | 0.96 (0.37-1.93) | 1.06 (0.61-1.81) | ||
IHD 70 < y.o. | Mean(SD) |
Hgb A1C = < 7.0 (Gp.OF)
|
7.0 < HgbA1C (Gp.OP)
| ||
Number of events | 25 | 25 | |||
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
Male/Female | 1 | 1.12 (0.71-1,81) | 1.41 (0.83-2.97) | ||
Age (y.o.) | 75.4(4.3) | 0.99 (0.88-1.09) | 0.83 (0.66-0.99) | ||
Duration of diabetes (years) | 10.18(9.08) | 1.02 (0.98-1.06) | 1.02 (0.93-1.08) | ||
Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 7.26 (1.15) | 1.74 (0.65-5.55) | 1.37 (0.77-2.16) | ||
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 129.2 (62.2) | 1.00 (1.00-1.09) | 1.01 (0.99-1.04) | ||
LDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 116.1 (30.6) | 0.99 (0.78-1.11) | 1.05 (0.87-1.24) | ||
HDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 54.7 (16.2) | 0.99 (0.73-1.26) | 0.79 (0.50-1.18) | ||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.9 (17.1) | 0.86 (0.69-1.12) | 0.88 (0.61-1.25) | ||
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
| 72.2 (10.9) |
0.65* (0.46-0.95)
|
0.65*(0.46-0.95)
| 0.98 (0.59-1.78) | |
Insulin user (%)
| 33.90% | 0.97 (0.51-1.64) |
3.48*(1.42-15.24)
|
3.48*(1.42-15.24)
| |
CVA = < 70 y.o. | Mean(SD) |
Hgb A1C = < 7.0 (Gp.MF)
|
7.0 < HgbA1C (Gp.MP)
| ||
Number of events | 17 | 15 | |||
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
Male/Female | 1.16 | 1.16 (0.65-2.26) | 1.06(0.58-1.98) | ||
Age (y.o.) | 60.9 (7.9) | 1.01 (0.94-1.11) | 1.02(0.94-1.13) | ||
Duration of diabetes (years)
| 9.15 (8.22) |
0.81*(0.60-0.99)
|
1.08*(1.01-1.14)
|
1.06*(1.01-1.11)
| |
HemoglobinA1C(%) | 7.38 (1.31) | 4.34*(1.07-25.8) | 4.11+(1.01-13.40) | 0.77(0.35-1.35) | |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 146.9(129.5) | 1.00 (0.98-1.02) | 1.01(0.97-1.07) | ||
LDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 119.2 (34.1) | 0.99 (0.96-1.14) | 0.98(0.79-1.17) | ||
HDL-Chol (mg/dl)
| 55.4 (16.2) | 0.78 (0.49-1.18) |
0.60**(0.35-0.63)
|
0.43**(0.23-0.78)
| |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.5 (17.5) | 0.98 (0.71-1.41) | 0.99(0.75-1.44) | ||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.5 (11.7) | 1.26 (0.76-2.17) | 1.01(0.62-1.83) | ||
Insulin user (%) | 32.80% | 0.89 (0.35-1.77) | 0.74(0.35-1.18) | ||
CVA 70 < y.o. | Mean(SD) |
Hgb A1C = < 7.0 (Gp.OF)
|
7.0 < HgbA1C (Gp.OP)
| ||
Number of events | 16 | 22 | |||
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
Male/Female | 0.96 | 1.33 (0.79-2.40) | 0.68 (0.36-1.17) | ||
Age (y.o.) | 75.4 (4.3) | 1.04 (0.93-1.14) | 1.05 (0.93-1.17) | ||
Duration of diabetes (years) | 10.18 (9.08) | 1.01 (0.96-1.05) | 1.04 (0.98-1.09) | ||
HemoglobinA1C(%) | 7.26 (1.15) | 1.27 (0.47-4.29) | 0.74 (035-1.32) | ||
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 129.2 (62.2) | 1.01 (0.91-1.07) | 1.05 (0.97-1.19) | ||
LDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 116.1 (30.6) | 0.96 (0.74-1.10) | 1.04 (0.88-1.21) | ||
HDL-Chol (mg/dl)
| 54.7 (16.2) |
0.61*(0.38-0.93)
|
0.71*(0.47-1.02)
|
0.71
+
(0.49-1.02)
| |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.9 (17.1) | 0.80 (0.64-1.04) | 1.25 (0.91-1.72) | ||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72.2 (10.9) | 0.83 (0.55-1.34) | 1.09 (0.68-1,85) | ||
Insulin user (%)
| 33.90% |
1.93* (1.05-3.62)
|
1.93* (1.05-3.62)
| 1.11 (0.53-2.24) |
Multiple regression analysis examining the relationship between clinical variables and the risk of CVA for each group divided by age and glucose control
Ischemic Heart Diseases | ||
= < 70 y.o. | HbA1C = < 7.0 (Gp.MF) | Systolic BP 0.016* HDL-C 0.035* LDL-C 0.049* Gender 0.036* |
7.0 < HbA1C (Gp.MP) | None | |
70 y.o. < | HbA1C = < 7.0 (Gp.OF) | Diastolic BP 0.033* |
7.0 < HbA1C (Gp. OP) | Insulin 0.006** Age 0.016* | |
Cerebrovascular Attacks (Stroke) | ||
= < 70 y.o. | HbA1C = < 7.0 (Gp.MF) | (HbA1C 0.059) |
7.0 < HbA1C (Gp.MP) | HDL-C 0.028* | |
70 y.o. < | HbA1C = < 7.0 (Gp.OF) | Insulin 0.028* (HDL-C 0.086) |
7.0 < HbA1C (Gp. OP) | None |
Stepwise regression analysis
Influence of insulin therapy on IHD and CVA risk
Multiple regression analysis examining the relationship between clinical variables and the risk of IHD for each group divided by gender and glucose control
IHD: Male | Mean(SD) | Hgb A1C = < 7.0 (Gp.MF) | 7.0 < HgbA1C (Gp.MP) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 1037 | 1022 | |||
Number of events | 20 | 26 | |||
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
Age (y.o.)
| 60.9 (7.9) | 1.06 (0.97-1.19) |
1.10*(1.01-1.22)
|
1.11*(1.02-1.25)
| |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 9.15 (8.22) | 1.07(0.98-1.15) | 1.09+(0.99-1.18) | ||
HemoglobinA1C(%) | 7.38 (1.31) | 1.25(0.44-4.60) | 1.34(0.72-2.33) | ||
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 146.9(129.5) | 1.00 (0.98-1.01) | 1.00(0.98-1.01) | ||
LDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 119.2 (34.1) | 1.01 (0.99-1.04) | 1.02+(1.00-1.04) | ||
HDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 55.4 (16.2) | 0.97 (0.92-1.03) | 0.99(0.95-1.02) | ||
Systolic BP (mmHg)
| 133.5 (17.5) |
1.06* (1.02-1.11)
|
1.06* (1.02-1.11)
| 0.99(0.94-1.04) | |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.5 (11.7) | 0.95 (0.89-1.02) | 1.03(0.95-1.12) | ||
Insulin user (%)
| 32.80% | 1.74 (0.55-2.77) |
4.01**(1.15-7.38)
|
4.11**(1.19-8.12)
| |
IHD:Female
| Mean(SD) | Hgb A1C = < 7.0 (Gp.OF) | 7.0 < HgbA1C (Gp.OP) | ||
Number of patients | 816 | 1140 | |||
Number of events | 19 | 17 | |||
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
Age (y.o.) | 75.4 (4.3) | 1.00 (0.96-1.06) | 0.99 (0.95-1.05) | ||
Duration of diabetes (years)
| 10.18 (9.08) |
0.96*(0.93-0.98)
|
0.96*(0.93-0.98)
|
0.92*(0.84-0.99)
|
0.92*(0.84-0.99)
|
HemoglobinA1C(%) | 7.26 (1.15) | 1.01 (0.78-1.31) | 0.84 (0.61-1.10) | ||
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 129.2 (62.2) | 1.01 (0.95-1.07) | 0.99 (0.96-1.02) | ||
LDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 116.1 (30.6) | 1.00 (0.98-1.03) | 1.00 (0.95-1.05) | ||
HDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 54.7 (16.2) | 0.97(0.92-1.02) | 0.92(0.80-1.03) | ||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.9 (17.1) | 1.04 (0.92-1.16) | 1.05 (0.91-1.18) | ||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72.2 (10.9) | 0.93 (0.85-1.03) | 1.05 (0.94-1.15) | ||
Insulin user (%) | 33.90% | 1.08+(1.01-1.15) | 6.27+(0.91-14.24) | ||
CVA: Male
| Mean(SD) | Hgb A1C = < 7.0 (Gp.MF) | 7.0 < HgbA1C (Gp.MP) | ||
Number of events | 22 | 16 | |||
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
Age (y.o.) | 60.9 (7.9) | 0.99 (0.92-1.08) | 1.05(0.92-1.25) | ||
Duration of diabetes (years) | 9.15 (8.22) | 1.03+(0.99-1.06) | 1.01(0.99-1.02) | ||
HemoglobinA1C(%) | 7.38 (1.31) | 1.68(0.74-4.33) | 0.92(0.72-1.24) | ||
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 146.9(129.5) | 1.00 (0.98-1.01) | 0.99(0.97-1.01) | ||
LDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 119.2 (34.1) | 1.01 (0.99-1.04) | 1.02(0.98-1.05) | ||
HDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 55.4 (16.2) | 0.96+(0.91-1.01) | 0.99(0.92-1.05) | ||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133.5 (17.5) | 1.01 (0.95-1.06) | 0.99(0.92-1.08) | ||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.5 (11.7) | 0.96 (0.90-1.05) | 1.05(0.93-1.22) | ||
Insulin user (%) | 32.80% | 4.44 (0.35-6.77) | 1.01(0.35-1.18) | ||
CVA:Female
| Mean(SD) | Hgb A1C = < 7.0 (Gp.OF) | 7.0 < HgbA1C (Gp.OP) | ||
Number of events | 11 | 21 | |||
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
Age (y.o.) | 75.4 (4.3) | 1.00 (0.93-1.12) | 1.35*(1.00-1.85) | ||
Duration of diabetes (years)
| 10.18 (9.08) |
0.97*(0.95-0.99)
|
0.97*(0.95-0.99)
|
0.94*(0.88-0.98)
|
0.95*(0.89-0.99)
|
HemoglobinA1C(%) | 7.26 (1.15) | 7.48 (0.70-22.8) | 0.94 (0.65-1.30) | ||
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 129.2 (62.2) | 1.01 (0.91-1.07) | 1.01 (0.97-1.03) | ||
LDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 116.1 (30.6) | 0.96 (0.74-1.10) | 1.02 (0.99-1.05) | ||
HDL-Chol (mg/dl) | 54.7 (16.2) | 0.99(0.92-1.05) | 0.99(0.94-1.03) | ||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.9 (17.1) | 1.02 (0.90-1.10) | 0.88 (0.76-0.97) | ||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72.2 (10.9) | 1.03 (0.94-1.17) | 1.02 (0.91-1.16) | ||
Insulin user (%)
| 33.90% | 0.93 (0.75-1.12) |
3.26*(1.12-6.24)
|
3.29*(1.13-6.42)
|