Introduction
Materials and methods
Drugs
General Preparation
Experimental Protocol
Protocol 1: The threshold of milrinone- and levosimendan-induced PostC under normoglycemia (NG)
Protocol 2: The threshold of milrinone- and levosimendan-induced PostC under HG
Protocol 3: The role of mPTP in milrinone- and levosimendan-induced postconditioning
Blood Glucose Measurement
Determination of Infarct Size
Statistical Analysis
Results
Hemodynamics
Number | Baseline | Preocclusion | Occlusion 30 min | Reperfusion | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 min | 30 min | 1 hr | 2 hr | |||||
MAP (mmHg) | ||||||||
CON | 14 | 99 ± 24 | 97 ± 14 | 93 ± 20 | 95 ± 26 | 109 ± 28 | 107 ± 31 | 100 ± 36 |
MIL10 | 8 | 91 ± 24 | 88 ± 26 | 91 ± 23 | 84 ± 25 | 100 ± 26 | 104 ± 20 | 107 ± 15 |
MIL30 | 9 | 98 ± 14 | 83 ± 14 | 91 ± 16 | 88 ± 22 | 103 ± 17 | 99 ± 30 | 99 ± 31 |
LEV3 | 7 | 97 ± 20 | 95 ± 16 | 84 ± 27 | 87 ± 12 | 92 ± 16 | 99 ± 14 | 106 ± 14 |
LEV10 | 9 | 90 ± 16 | 84 ± 13 | 79 ± 28* | 80 ± 23* | 89 ± 32 | 93 ± 26 | 96 ± 22 |
HGCON | 10 | 109 ± 21 | 107 ± 23 | 93 ± 20 | 92 ± 23 | 102 ± 26 | 110 ± 23 | 112 ± 20 |
HG MIL30 | 7 | 101 ± 13 | 102 ± 12 | 92 ± 13 | 93 ± 11 | 101 ± 14 | 109 ± 18 | 118 ± 19 |
HG LEV10 | 9 | 101 ± 16 | 91 ± 9 | 85 ± 10 | 84 ± 11 | 94 ± 15 | 104 ± 17 | 108 ± 18 |
HG LEV30 | 7 | 105 ± 21 | 97 ± 11 | 96 ± 18 | 93 ± 15 | 93 ± 12 | 106 ± 9 | 104 ± 18 |
HG LEV100 | 7 | 103 ± 18 | 109 ± 12 | 79 ± 12* | 81 ± 9* | 84 ± 13 | 96 ± 14 | 94 ± 21 |
ATR | 6 | 103 ± 13 | 96 ± 13 | 108 ± 11 | 107 ± 15 | 113 ± 19 | 113 ± 16 | 116 ± 12 |
MIL30 + ATR | 8 | 101 ± 14 | 93 ± 21 | 97 ± 14 | 97 ± 15 | 101 ± 15 | 101 ± 16 | 102 ± 11 |
LEV10 + ATR | 7 | 87 ± 15 | 85 ± 15 | 97 ± 22 | 95 ± 17 | 97 ± 24 | 98 ± 20 | 96 ± 18 |
HG MIL30 + ATR | 7 | 98 ± 20 | 95 ± 17 | 98 ± 19 | 100 ± 20 | 103 ± 21 | 103 ± 17 | 88 ± 17 |
HG LEV100 + ATR | 9 | 93 ± 14 | 97 ± 18 | 89 ± 21 | 88 ± 17 | 98 ± 21 | 103 ± 23 | 101 ± 25 |
Number | Baseline | Preocclusion | Occlusion 30 min | Reperfusion | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 min | 30 min | 1 hr | 2 hr | |||||
HR (mmHg) | ||||||||
CON | 14 | 389 ± 39 | 383 ± 43 | 375 ± 46 | 381 ± 51 | 376 ± 52 | 374 ± 56 | 342 ± 68* |
MIL10 | 8 | 352 ± 51 | 354 ± 58 | 345 ± 68 | 340 ± 64 | 338 ± 58 | 339 ± 70 | 340 ± 72 |
MIL30 | 9 | 381 ± 66 | 379 ± 65 | 362 ± 24 | 372 ± 41 | 346 ± 61 | 349 ± 80 | 335 ± 91* |
LEV3 | 7 | 370 ± 20 | 367 ± 15 | 339 ± 40 | 356 ± 31 | 350 ± 38 | 340 ± 40 | 338 ± 52 |
LEV10 | 9 | 408 ± 37 | 396 ± 28 | 387 ± 45 | 390 ± 41 | 395 ± 42 | 399 ± 45 | 405 ± 56† |
HGCON | 10 | 394 ± 55 | 377 ± 64 | 397 ± 40 | 390 ± 70 | 391 ± 67 | 380 ± 76 | 371 ± 114 |
HG MIL30 | 7 | 366 ± 44 | 365 ± 44 | 377 ± 33 | 381 ± 36 | 382 ± 50 | 363 ± 73 | 373 ± 82 |
HG LEV10 | 9 | 402 ± 35 | 389 ± 35 | 364 ± 18 | 374 ± 15 | 367 ± 32 | 366 ± 49 | 366 ± 56 |
HG LEV30 | 7 | 372 ± 49 | 376 ± 47 | 361 ± 45 | 371 ± 46 | 364 ± 38 | 359 ± 35 | 348 ± 50 |
HG LEV100 | 7 | 433 ± 24 | 421 ± 32 | 400 ± 30 | 413 ± 29 | 394 ± 45 | 390 ± 57 | 402 ± 29† |
ATR | 6 | 379 ± 21 | 372 ± 15 | 359 ± 17 | 367 ± 24 | 369 ± 29 | 365 ± 33 | 347 ± 44 |
MIL30 + ATR | 8 | 377 ± 50 | 386 ± 34 | 363 ± 34 | 372 ± 37 | 379 ± 40 | 358 ± 41 | 367 ± 35 |
LEV10 + ATR | 7 | 364 ± 34 | 382 ± 30 | 335 ± 34 | 345 ± 45 | 339 ± 51 | 331 ± 43 | 336 ± 52 |
HG MIL30 + ATR | 7 | 386 ± 53 | 394 ± 48 | 396 ± 38 | 411 ± 46 | 404 ± 49 | 407 ± 48 | 377 ± 60 |
HG LEV100 + ATR | 9 | 412 ± 27 | 411 ± 47 | 387 ± 32 | 399 ± 33 | 379 ± 50 | 384 ± 54 | 375 ± 47 |
Infarct Size
Number | Area at Risk/Left Ventricle (%) | |
---|---|---|
CON | 14 | 57 ± 8 |
MIL10 | 8 | 51 ± 9 |
MIL30 | 9 | 52 ± 7 |
LEV3 | 7 | 56 ± 5 |
LEV10 | 9 | 51 ± 5 |
HG CON | 10 | 50 ± 4 |
HG MIL30 | 7 | 53 ± 3 |
HG LEV10 | 9 | 52 ± 7 |
HG LEV30 | 7 | 56 ± 5 |
HG LEV100 | 7 | 50 ± 10 |
ATR | 6 | 51 ± 4 |
MIL30 + ATR | 8 | 48 ± 5 |
LEV10 + ATR | 7 | 48 ± 8 |
HG MIL30 + ATR | 7 | 48 ± 8 |
HG LEV100 + ATR | 9 | 51 ± 4 |
Blood Glucose Measurement
Number | Baseline | Preocclusion | Occlusion 30 min | Reperfusion | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 hr | 2 hr | |||||
CON | 14 | 92 ± 23 | 89 ± 19 | 109 ± 40 | 129 ± 43 | 111 ± 34 |
MIL10 | 8 | 114 ± 75 | 105 ± 52 | 132 ± 60 | 124 ± 56 | 105 ± 70 |
MIL30 | 9 | 93 ± 23 | 82 ± 20 | 107 ± 51 | 98 ± 46 | 79 ± 29 |
LEV3 | 7 | 116 ± 40 | 89 ± 24 | 138 ± 66 | 120 ± 80 | 106 ± 49 |
LEV10 | 9 | 99 ± 39 | 97 ± 28 | 122 ± 51 | 113 ± 33 | 101 ± 41 |
HG CON | 10 | 90 ± 16 | 355 ± 121*† | 286 ± 137*† | 361 ± 140*† | 273 ± 144*† |
HG MIL30 | 7 | 87 ± 16 | 343 ± 95*† | 351 ± 62*† | 295 ± 150*† | 246 ± 140*† |
HG LEV10 | 9 | 88 ± 17 | 320 ± 97*† | 311 ± 120*† | 321 ± 142*† | 285 ± 161*† |
HG LEV30 | 7 | 98 ± 32 | 341 ± 83*† | 390 ± 99*† | 313 ± 124*† | 293 ± 153*† |
HG LEV100 | 7 | 110 ± 45 | 447 ± 84*† | 394 ± 113*† | 408 ± 140*† | 385 ± 161*† |
ATR | 6 | 82 ± 38 | 87 ± 25 | 93 ± 14 | 87 ± 25 | 85 ± 12 |
MIL30 + ATR | 8 | 80 ± 27 | 80 ± 15 | 101 ± 49 | 90 ± 58 | 77 ± 47 |
LEV10 + ATR | 7 | 100 ± 32 | 100 ± 36 | 124 ± 57 | 147 ± 94 | 123 ± 80 |
HG MIL30 + ATR | 7 | 74 ± 29* | 317 ± 70*† | 376 ± 31*† | 293 ± 191*† | 241 ± 197*† |
HG LEV100 + ATR | 9 | 76 ± 13 | 341 ± 145*† | 379 ± 106*† | 381 ± 149*† | 311 ± 131*† |