Background
Methods
Participants
Anthropometry, blood pressure, biochemistry and health behaviours
Statistical Analysis
Ethical Approval
Results
Female (n = 628) n (%) | Male (n = 287) n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Age Group
| ||
15-24 years | 146 (23%) | 86 (30%) |
25-34 years | 135 (21%) | 58 (20%) |
35-44 years | 148 (24%) | 66 (23%) |
45-54 years | 120 (19%) | 50 (18%) |
55-64 years | 55 (9%) | 21 (7%) |
65+ years | 24 (4%) | 6 (2%) |
Diabetes
| 121 (21%) | 41 (16%) |
Cigarette Smoker
| 250 (44%) | 115 (43%) |
BMI Category
| ||
BMI < 25 | 212 (35%) | 98 (35%) |
BMI 25-29 | 164 (27%) | 102 (36%) |
BMI ≥ 30 | 224 (38%) | 83 (29%) |
Fibrinogen Tertiles Females | Fibrinogen Tertiles Males | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low* (n = 201) | Mid* (n = 210) | High* (n = 217) | Low* (n = 119) | Mid* (n = 102) | High* (n = 66) | |
Age (years) | 35.0 ± 13.8 | 36.9 ± 15.3 | 40.1 ± 14.3 | 30.4 ± 13.2 | 35.3 ± 13.8 | 41.6 ± 13.6 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 ± 7.1 | 28.1 ± 6.8 | 31.8 ± 7.9 | 25.6 ± 5.3 | 28.3 ± 5.5 | 29.3 ± 6.1 |
Waist (cm) | 88.3 ± 17.2 | 91.8 ± 16.3 | 100.9 ± 16.4 | 90.6 ± 14.1 | 98.3 ± 13.6 | 102.1 ± 16.1 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 113 ± 16 | 114 ± 16 | 118 + 16 | 117 ± 14 | 122 ± 14 | 126 ± 17 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 71 ± 10 | 72 ± 10 | 75 ± 9 | 72 ± 11 | 75 ± 11 | 78 ± 10 |
Heart Rate (beats/min) | 73 ± 11 | 74 ± 10 | 77 ± 12 | 70 ± 13 | 72 ± 12 | 77 ± 13 |
Diabetes (%) | 12.2 | 19.0 | 31.0 | 8.2 | 13.5 | 32.8 |
Smoker (%) | 48.4 | 41.5 | 42.3 | 39.8 | 43.8 | 45.9 |
Fibrinogen (g/L) | 2.5 (2.4-2.6) | 3.9 (3.88-3.96) | 5.3 (5.2-5.4) | 2.6 (2.5-2.8) | 3.8 (3.76-3.89) | 5.2 (5.1-5.4) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.8 (4.6 - 4.9) | 4.9 (4.8 - 5.0) | 4.9 (4.7 - 5.0) | 4.8 (4.6 -5.0) | 5.0 (4.8 - 5.2) | 5.3 (5.1 - 5.6) |
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.8 (2.7 - 3.0) | 2.9 (2.8 - 3.1) | 3.0 (2.8 - 3.1) | 2.9 (2.7 - 3.1) | 3.0 (2.8 - 3.2) | 3.3 (3.0 - 3.5) |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.17 - 1.3) | 1.15 (1.11- 1.2) | 1.07(1.03- 1.1) | 1.1 (1.0 - 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9 - 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9 - 1.0) |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1.1 - 1.3) | 1.4 (1.3 - 1.5) | 1.5 (1.4 - 1.6) | 1.4 (1.3 - 1.6) | 1.9 (1.6 - 2.1) | 2.1 (1.8 - 2.5) |
HbA1c (%) | 5.3 (5.2 - 5.4) | 5.6 (5.4 - 5.7) | 5.9 (5.8 - 6.1) | 5.2 (5.1 - 5.3) | 5.6 (5.4 - 5.8) | 6.2 (5.8 - 6.5) |
CRP (mg/L) | 1.9(1.6 - 2.3) | 3.2 (2.7 - 3.7) | 8.0 (7.0 - 9.2) | 1.2 (1.0 - 1.4) | 2.5 (2.1 - 3.0) | 7.0 (5.7 - 8.6) |
Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 8.8 (8.4-9.2) | 8.8 (8.3-9.2) | 9.3 (8.9-9.8) | 9.6 (9.1-10.2) | 11.7 (10.7-12.7) | 11.4 (10.3-12.6) |
ACR (mg/mmol) | 0.8 (0.7 - 0.9) | 1.0 (0.8 - 1.3) | 1.2 (0.9 - 1.5) | 0.5 (0.4 - 0.6) | 0.6 (0.5 - 0.8) | 1.6 (0.9 -2.7) |
Coeff. | Std. Err. | p | 95% Conf Interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yrs) | -0.001 | 0.003 | 0.538 | -0.007, 0.004 |
Female | 0.056 | 0.079 | 0.477 | -0.098, 0.210 |
CRP* | 0.467 | 0.031 | < 0.001 | 0.406, 0.529 |
HbA1c | .0956 | 0.030 | 0.002 | 0.037, 0.155 |
Factor 1: 'Obesity' | Factor 2: 'Blood Pressure' | Factor 3: 'Metabolic' | Factor 4: 'Dyslipidaemia' | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | M | F | M | F | M | F | M | |
Age | 0.21 | 0.13 |
0.64
|
0.45
| 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.13 | 0.46 |
Fibrinogen |
0.52
| 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.19 |
0.78
| 0.12 | 0.04 |
CRP |
0.75
|
0.47
| 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.12 |
0.65
| 0.20 | 0.14 |
Homocyst | -0.02 | -0.15 | 0.17 | 0.30 | 0.22 |
0.45
|
0.48
| -0.18 |
Insulin |
0.66
|
0.70
| -0.10 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.18 | -0.07 | 0.13 |
HDL |
-0.41
|
-0.45
| -0.02 | 0.14 | -0.30 | 0.00 | -0.39 |
-0.67
|
Trig | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.06 |
0.53
|
0.73
|
HbA1c | 0.27 | -0.05 | 0.34 | 0.24 |
0.46
|
0.52
| 0.25 |
0.49
|
BMI |
0.90
|
0.91
| 0.15 | 0.16 | -0.09 | 0.04 | -0.11 | 0.09 |
Waist |
0.88
|
0.88
| 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.13 |
SBP | 0.17 | 0.20 |
0.89
|
0.89
| 0.05 | 0.05 | -0.04 | 0.04 |
DBP | 0.15 | 0.19 |
0.88
|
0.90
| -0.05 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
ACR | -0.01 | -0.25 | 0.24 |
0.45
|
0.50
|
0.45
| 0.39 | 0.32 |
Smoker | -0.12 | -0.26 | -0.16 | 0.08 | -0.31 | 0.16 |
0.74
| 0.17 |
Heart rate | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
0.41
| 0.10 |
0.41
| 0.12 | -0.18 |
Alcohol | -0.01 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.15 |
-0.83
| -0.06 | 0.15 | 0.03 |
% variance explained
|
20
|
18
|
15
|
16
|
10
|
13
|
10
|
11
|