Background
Methods
Mosquito collections and species identification
Name | Sample Sites | N | Identified Species | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
An. sinensis
|
An. pullus
|
An. kleini
|
An. belenrae
|
An. lesteri
|
An. sineroeides
| |||
AD | ANDONG | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BA | BUAN | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BS | BOSEONG | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CC | CHOONCHEON | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
DY | DANYANG | 15 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ER | EUIRYEONG | 25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
GP | GIMPO | 237 | 208 | 10 | 5 | 2 | 12 | 0 |
GR | GURYONGPO | 17 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
JA | JINAN | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
JI | JAIN | 29 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
JU | JEONGEUP | 10 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
KP | KAPYEONG | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
MA | MOOAN | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NA | NAKAN | 28 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PC | PYEONGCHANG | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PJ | PAJOO | 127 | 114 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
SR | SORAE | 25 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
TA | TAEAN | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UJ | ULJIN | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
YC | YEONCHEON | 80 | 62 | 3 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
YJ | YEOJOO | 12 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
YY | YANGYANG | 30 | 10 | 0 | n | 0 | 0 | 19 |
755
|
665
|
26
|
30
|
2
|
13
|
19
|
DNA sequencing of VGSC
Statistical analyses
Results
Species composition and distribution
kdr mutations
Study Sites | Species | N | Genotype Frequency (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L/L | L*/L* | L/P | L/C | P/P | P/C | C/C | L/P* | P/P* | C/P* | |||
YC |
An. sinensis
| 14 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 14.3 | 7.1 | 28.6 | 35.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
An. kleini
| 15 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
An. pullus
| 3 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
PJ |
An. sinensis
| 17 | 11.8 | 0.0 | 17.6 | 0.0 | 41.2 | 23.5 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
An. pullus
| 13 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
GP |
An. kleini
| 5 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
An. lesteri
| 12 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
An. belenrae
| 2 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
An. pullus
| 10 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
PC |
An. kleini
| 8 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
YJ |
An. kleini
| 1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
BS |
An. sinensis
| 13 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15.4 | 0.0 | 46.2 | 30.8 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
SR |
An. lesteri
| 1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
AD |
An. sinensis
| 16 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 31.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 18.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
GR |
An. sinensis
| 17 | 58.9 | 0.0 | 11.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 23.5 | 5.9 |
YY |
An. sinensis
| 10 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 60.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
An. kleini
| 1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
An. sineroides
| 19 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
177
|
kdr Allele Frequency (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Susceptible | Resistant | |||||||||
Study Sites | Species | N | Leu | Phe | Cys | |||||
TTG | [95% CI] | TTT | [95% CI] | TTC | [95% CI] | TGT | [95% CI] | |||
YC |
An. sinensis
| 14 | 25.0 | [20.2-29.8] | 54.0 | [43.6-64.4] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 21.0 | [17.0-25.0] |
An. kleini
| 15 | 100.0 | [81.9-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | |
An. pullus
| 3 | 100.0 | [36.8-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | |
PJ |
An. sinensis
| 17 | 20.6 | [17.3-23.9] | 61.8 | [51.8-71.7] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 17.6 | [14.8-20.5] |
An. pullus
| 13 | 100.0 | [79.4-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | |
GP |
An. kleini
| 5 | 100.0 | [54.9-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] |
An. lesteri
| 12 | 100.0 | [77.9-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | |
An. belenrae
| 2 | 100.0 | [22.4-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | |
An. pullus
| 10 | 100.0 | [74.1-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | |
PC |
An. kleini
| 8 | 100.0 | [68.8-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] |
YJ |
An. kleini
| 1 | 100.0 | [5.0-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] |
BS |
An. sinensis
| 13 | 7.7 | [6.1-9.3] | 69.2 | [55.0-83.5] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 23.1 | [18.3-27.8] |
SR |
An. lesteri
| 1 | 100.0 | [5.0-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] |
AD |
An. sinensis
| 16 | 75.0 | [62.2-87.8] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 9.0 | [7.5-10.5] | 16.0 | [13.3-18.7] |
GR |
An. sinensis
| 17 | 64.7 | [54.3-75.2] | 17.6 | [14.8-20.5] | 14.7 | [12.3-17.1] | 2.9 | [2.5-3.4] |
YY |
An. sinensis
| 10 | 23.5 | [17.4-29.6] | 70.6 | [52.3-88.9] | 5.9 | [4.4-7.4] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] |
An. kleini
| 1 | 100.0 | [5.0-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | |
An. sineroides
| 19 | 100.0* | [85.4-100.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 | [0.0-0.0] | |
177
|