Background
Methods
Study settings
Study design
Study participants
Recruitment and follow-up
Laboratory methods
Ethics
Definitions and statistical analysis
Results
Study population
Characteristics | No infection (n = 816) | Infection in first trimester (n = 31) | Infection in second trimester (n = 69) | Infection in third trimester (n = 118) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Study location | ||||
Karaba village (n, %) | 219 (26.84) | 14 (45.16) | 20(33.90) | 40(33.94) |
Koho village (n, %) | 597 (73.16) | 17 (54,84) | 49(66.10) | 78(66.06) |
Education | ||||
none (n, %) | 728 (89.21) | 22 (70.97) | 62(89.86) | 105 (88.99) |
primary (n, %) | 69 (8.46) | 8 (25.81) | 7(10.14) | 10 (8.47) |
secondary and higher (n, %) | 19(2.33) | 1 (3.22) | 0(0) | 3(2.54) |
Parity | ||||
primigravidae (n, %) | 113 (13.85) | 18 (58.06) | 35 (50.72) | 44 (37.29) |
secundigravidae (n, %) | 158 (19.36) | 5 (16.13) | 15 (21.74) | 38 (32.20) |
multigravidae (n, %) | 545 (66.79) | 8 (25.81) | 19 (27.54) | 36 (30.51) |
Age | ||||
mean (years) (95% CI) | 25.27(24.84-25.69) | 20.88 (18.96-22.80) | 21.27 (20.06-22.48) | 21.50 (20.63-22.37) |
Weight | ||||
mean (kg) (95% CI] | 55.67 (55.17-56.15) | 55.45 (53.20-57.71) | 55.24 (53.70-56.79) | 55.29 (54.08-56.50) |
Height | 162.815 | 163.39 | 162.58 | 161.78 |
mean (cm) (95% CI] | (162.42-163.21) | (161.72-165.08) | (161.15-164.00) | (160.71-162.85) |
BMI at enrolment | 20.98 | 20.77 | 20.88 | 21.1 |
mean (95% CI] | (20.83-21.12) | (19.97-21.56) | (20.41-21.34) | (20.74-21.45) |
Incidence rates of malaria detected infections
Person-time* | Malaria infections | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
new cases | IR (per 1000) (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | ||
By Gravidity | ||||
Overall | 5541 | 217 | 39.2 (34.3-44.7) | - |
Primigravidae | 1095 | 97 | 88.6 (72.6-108.1) | - |
Secondigravidae | 1146 | 58 | 50.6 (39.1-65.56) | 0.6 (0.42-0.79) |
Multigravidae | 3300 | 62 | 18.8 (14.65-24.1) | 0.2 (0.17-0.31) |
By SP doses received | ||||
2 doses SP | 2453 | 113 | 46.1 (38.3-55.4) | - |
3 doses SP | 884 | 21 | 23.8 (15.5-36.4) | 0.5 (0.28-0.66) |
By Supplementation group | ||||
MMS | 2726 | 110 | 40.3 (33.5-48.6) | - |
FSS | 2815 | 107 | 38.0 (31.5-46.0) | 0.9 (0.67-1.18) |
Rates of re-infection and length of time-to-reinfection
Effect of timing and frequency of malaria infection on low birth weight, maternal anaemia and perinatal mortality
Crude IRR (95%CI) | Adjusted IRR(95%CI) | |
---|---|---|
Maternal anaemia
| ||
No infection (391/816) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Infection in 1st trimester (15/31) | 1.00 (0.69-1.46) | 0.98 (0.67-1.42) |
Infection in 2nd trimester (34/69) | 1.03 (0.80-1.32) | 0.99 (0.76-1.27) |
Infection in 3rd trimester (58/118) | 1.02 (0.84-1.24) | 0.97 (0.79-1.20) |
Low birth weight
| ||
No infection(96/816) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Infection in 1st trimester (13/31) | 3.56 (2.26-5.61)
a
| 2.07 (1.30-3.27)
b
|
Infection in 2nd trimester (14/69) | 1.72 (1.04-2.85)
c
| 1.09 (0.65-1.82) |
Infection in 3rd trimester (16/118) | 1.15 (0.70-1.88) | 0.78 (0.46-1.32) |
Perinatal mortality
| ||
No infection(15/816) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Infection in 1st trimester (0/31) | - | - |
Infection in 2nd trimester (3/69) | 2.36 (0.70-7.97) | 1.18 (0.31-4.47) |
Infection in 3rd trimester (1/118) | 0.46 (0.06-3.46) | 0.37 (0.04-2.81) |
Crude IRR (95%CI) | Adjusted IRR(95%CI) | |
---|---|---|
Maternal anaemia
| ||
No infection (391/816) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 infection detected (79/169) | 1.07 (0.91-1.26) | 1.019 (0.85-1.21) |
≥ 2 infections detected (28/49) | 1.33 (1.04-1.69)
a
| 1.236 (0.94-1.62) |
Low birth weight
| ||
No infection (96/816) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 infection detected (31/169) | 1.56 (1.08-2.26)
b
| 1.07 (0.73-1.58) |
≥ 2 infections detected (12/49) | 2.08 (1.29-3.52)
c
| 1.08 (0.62-1.87) |
Perinatal mortality
| ||
No infection (15/816) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 infection detected (4/169) | 1.28 (0.43-3.83) | 0.87 (0.27-2.83) |
≥ 2 infections detected (0/49) | - | - |