Background
Methods
Study area, mosquito sampling and species identification
Population Name | Name of the collection sites | Site no. | Coordinates (N/E) | No. of An. baimaii individuals sequenced |
---|---|---|---|---|
EAST | Soraipung Forest (AS) | 1 | N27°23' E95°34' | 9 |
Tengapani Forest (AP) | 2 | N27°46' E95°58 | 8 | |
Deomali (AP) | 3 | N27°09'E95°28' | 9 | |
Jairampur (AP) | 4 | N27°20' E96°00' | 4 | |
Miao (AP) | 5 | N27°29' E96°10' | 1 | |
Kameng Bari (AP) | 6 | N27°04' E92°25' | 2 | |
Pukke Tiger Reserve (AP) | 7 | N27°03' E92°36' | 3 | |
Nameri National Park (AP) | 8 | N26°90' E92°95' | 34 | |
Titabor (AS) | 9 | N26°36' E94°17' | 1 | |
Bhandari (NL) | 10 | N26°17'E94°10' | 8 | |
Dimapur (NL) | 11 | N25°54'E93°44' | 1 | |
Medziphema (NL) | 12 | N25°50' E93°52' | 12 | |
EAST Total | 92 | |||
CENTRAL 1 | Kaziranga National Park (AS) | 13 | N26°34' E93°10' | 10 |
CENTRAL 2 | Jatinga (AS) | 14 | N25°11' E93°02' | 4 |
Jiribam (MN) | 15 | N24°47' E93°12' | 3 | |
CENTRAL2 Total | 7 | |||
WEST | Kamrup (AS) | 16 | N26°17' E91°92' | 19 |
William Nagar (ML) | 17 | N25°32' E90°37' | 8 | |
Tura (ML) | 18 | N25°51' E90°22' | 1 | |
Aradonga (ML) | 19 | N25°55' E90°56' | 2 | |
WEST Total | 30 | |||
SOUTH | Kolasib (MZ) | 20 | N24°14' E92°42' | 2 |
Lengpui (MZ) | 21 | N22°83' E92°63' | 5 | |
Thenzwal (MZ) | 22 | N23°19' E92°45' | 1 | |
Tlabung (MZ) | 23 | N22°53' E92°53' | 8 | |
Dumpa Tiger Reserve (MZ) | 24 | N23°42' E92°29' | 10 | |
Kailasahar (TR) | 25 | N24°20' E92°01' | 5 | |
Sabroom (TR) | 26 | N23°0' E91°43' | 6 | |
SOUTH Total | 37 | |||
NE India
|
176
| |||
BGD | Chaklapunjee | 27 | N21°92' E92°17' | 6 |
MYA | Myaing | 28 | N19°19' E97°14' | 7 |
Kyauk | 29 | N16°61' E98°24' | 7 | |
MYA Total | 14 | |||
THAI | Maesod | 30 | N16°59' E98°68' | 12 |
Kanchanaburi | 31 | N14°33' E98°99' | 14 | |
Ratchaburi | 32 | N13°53' E99°36' | 11 | |
THAI Total | 37 | |||
Overall Total
|
233
|
Amplification and sequencing of mtDNA
Analysis of mtDNA variation
Population genetic structure
Genealogical relationships and population history of mtDNA haplotypes
Results
Sequence variation
Population Group | N | Haplotype distribution* | S | H | hd ± SD | π ± SD | θS ± SD | Tajima's D | Fu's Fs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EAST | 92 | 1(2),2, 3, 4(2), 5, 6, 7, 8(13), 9, 10, 11(5), 12(5), 13, 14, 15, 16(2), 17, 18, 19, 20 (2), 21,22(2), 23, 24, 25(2), 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41(2), 42, 43(2), 44(3), 45, 46, 47(2), 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53(2), 54, 55, 56, 57 | 54 | 57 | 0.972 0.002 | 0.0064 0.0035 | 0.017 0.005 | -2.057*** | -25.93*** |
CENTRAL 1 | 10 | 8(5), 20, 25,58, 59, 60 | 8 | 6 | 0.778 0.045 | 0.0031 0.0022 | 0.0044 0.0023 | -1.399 | -10.84 *** |
CENTRAL 2 | 7 | 8, 9, 15, 16, 26, 61(2) | 11 | 6 | 0.952 0.076 | 0.0076 0.0048 | 0.0071 0.0037 | -0.016 | -3.29 ** |
WEST | 30 | 8(9), 9(2), 12(4), 14, 29, 31, 44, 45, 47, 62(2), 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 | 24 | 17 | 0.899 0.009 | 0.0053 0.0031 | 0.0095 0.0034 | -1.682* | -26.20 *** |
SOUTH | 37 | 4, 8(8), 9, 11(2), 12, 16, 25(2), 41, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 | 40 | 28 | 0.955 0.006 | 0.0062 0.0035 | 0.0150 0.0049 | -2.183*** | -25.97 *** |
All NE Indian Populations
| 74 | 89 | 0.950 0.012 | 0.0057 0.0003 | 0.0091 0.0037 | -2.277** | -16.09 *** | ||
BGD | 6 | 8, 12(3), 55, 90 | 5 | 4 | 0.800 0.096 | 0.0030 0.0023 | 0.0034 0.0021 | -0.826 | -4.56*** |
MYA | 14 | 8(3), 12(4), 50, 91(2), 92(2), 93, 94 | 7 | 7 | 0.879 0.027 | 0.0026 0.0018 | 0.0035 0.0018 | -1.019 | -20.38*** |
THAI | 37 | 8(17), 11, 12(5), 25, 28, 87, 95, 96, 97, 98(3), 99, 100, 101, 102, 103 | 16 | 15 | 0.776 0.006 | 0.0026 0.0017 | 0.0060 0.0021 | -1.910** | -27.60*** |
Population genetic structure
EAST | CENTRAL1 | CENTRAL 2 | WEST | SOUTH | BGD | MYA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CENTRAL 1 | -0.009 | ||||||
CENTRAL 2 | 0.071* | 0.175** | |||||
WEST | -0.004 | 0.013 | 0.074 | ||||
SOUTH | -0.007 | -0.010 | 0.065* | -0.002 | |||
BGD | 0.032 | 0.146** | 0.180* | 0.026 | 0.060 | ||
MYA | 0.024 | 0.063* | 0.267*** | 0.031 | 0.050** | 0.014 | |
THAI | 0.055*** | 0.043 | 0.351*** | 0.069*** | 0.078*** | 0.071 | 0.002 |