Background
Methods
Study Site
Study participants selection
Active surveillance for incidence of clinical malaria
Malaria Surveys
Examination of blood smears
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Estimation of malaria transmission using entomological inoculations rates
Sample size calculation
Data management and statistical analysis
Ethical processes
Results
Prevalence of malaria
Prevalence of anaemia
Incidence of clinical malaria
Age group | Episodes of clinical malaria | Person Years | Incidence density (no. of episodes per child per year) |
---|---|---|---|
Any Parasitaemia
| |||
0-6 mth | 36 | 5637 |
2.3
|
0-11 mth | 145 | 12301 |
4.3
|
12-23 mth | 310 | 13239 |
8.6
|
24-35 mth | 246 | 10618 |
8.5
|
36-47 mth | 224 | 11673 |
7.0
|
48-59 mth | 133 | 7658 |
6.3
|
under-five yrs
|
1058
|
55489
|
7.0
|
Parasitaemia >5000/μL
| |||
0-6 mth | 12 | 5637 |
0.8
|
0-11 mth | 77 | 12301 |
2.3
|
12-23 mth | 222 | 13239 |
6.1
|
24-35 mth | 166 | 10618 |
5.7
|
36-47 mth | 122 | 11673 |
3.8
|
48-59 mth | 69 | 7658 |
3.3
|
under-five yrs
|
656
|
55489
|
4.3
|
Parasitaemia >10000/μL
| |||
0-6 mth | 9 | 5637 |
0.6
|
0-11 mth | 62 | 12301 |
1.8
|
12-23 mth | 193 | 13239 |
5.3
|
24-35 mth | 145 | 10618 |
5.0
|
36-47 mth | 103 | 11673 |
3.2
|
48-59 mth | 56 | 7658 |
2.7
|
under-five yrs
|
559
|
55489
|
3.7
|
Parasitaemia >20000/μL
| |||
0-6 mth | 7 | 5637 |
0.5
|
0-11 mth | 45 | 12301 |
1.3
|
12-23 mth | 146 | 13239 |
4.0
|
24-35 mth | 108 | 10618 |
3.7
|
36-47 mth | 80 | 11673 |
2.5
|
48-59 mth | 46 | 7658 |
2.2
|
under-five yrs
|
425
|
55489
|
2.8
|
Parasitaemia >50000/μL
| |||
0-6 mth | 1 | 5637 |
0.1
|
0-11 mth | 27 | 12301 |
0.8
|
12-23 mth | 80 | 13239 |
2.2
|
24-35 mth | 61 | 10618 |
2.1
|
36-47 mth | 32 | 11673 |
1.0
|
48-59 mth | 16 | 7658 |
0.8
|
under-five yrs
|
216
|
55489
|
1.4
|
In vivo drug sensitivity of commonly used anti-malarials in the study area
Day of follow up | First episode | Second episode | Third episode | Four or more episodes |
---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 288)
|
(N = 237)
|
(N = 183)
|
(N = 382)
| |
7 | 24.3 | 22.8 | 20.8 | 29.3 |
14 | 23.3 | 27.0 | 35.5 | 40.3 |
28 | 60.8 | 61.2 | 73.2 | 79.8 |
Day of follow up | first episode |
---|---|
(N = 455)
| |
7 | 4.2 |
14 | 12.3 |
28 | 22.9 |
Molecular markers for chloroquine and SP resistance and multiplicity of infections
Malaria vectors and entomological inoculation rate
Species, molecular forms and knock-down resistance (kdr)
Species | Molecular forms | Kdr mutation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season
|
Ag.
|
Ar.
|
M
|
M/S
|
S
|
kdr
RR
|
kdr
R/S
|
kdr
SS
|
F(R)
|
Wet
| 22 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
0.60
|
Dry
| 33 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 1 | 1 |