Background
Methods
Setting
Population and sample
Anthropometric measurements
Biological variables
Statistical analyses
Ethical considerations
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
Total sample (N = 649) | Sub-sample (N = 173)†
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographics |
Boys (%)
|
Girls (%)
|
Total (%)
|
p**
|
Boys (%)
|
Girls (%)
|
Total
|
p**
|
School type
| ||||||||
Public | 219 (47.9) | 238 (52.1) | 457 (70.4) | 60 (49.6) | 61 (50.4) | 121 (69.9) | ||
0.808
|
0.518
| |||||||
Private | 90 (46.9) | 102 (53.1) | 192 (29.6) | 23 (44.2) | 29 (55.8) | 52 (30.1) | ||
School location
| ||||||||
Urban area | 259 (47.7) | 284 (52.3) | 543 (83.7) | 69 (47.6) | 76 (52.4) | 145 (83.8) | ||
0.921
|
0.815
| |||||||
Peri-urban area | 50 (47.2) | 56 (52.8) | 106 (16.3) | 14 (50.0) | 14 (50.0) | 28 (16.2) | ||
Age (years)
| ||||||||
Mean++
| 11.5 ± 1.2 | 11.5 ± 1.2 | 11.5 ± 1.2 |
0.780*
| 11.6 ± 1.3 | 11.6 ± 1.3 | 11.6 ± 1.3 |
0.919*
|
7-9 | 31 (49.2) | 32 (50.8) | 63 (9.7) | 10 (58.8) | 7 (41.2) | 17 (9.8) | ||
10-12 | 241 (47.5) | 266 (52.5) | 507 (78.1) |
0.959
| 59 (46.5) | 68 (53.5) | 127 (73.4) |
0.631
|
13-14 | 37 (46.8) | 42 (53.2) | 79 (12.2) | 14 (48.3) | 15 (51.7) | 29 (16.8) | ||
Total
| 309 (47.6) | 340 (52.4) | 649 (100) | 83 (48.0) | 90 (52.0) | 173 (100) |
Prevalence of malnutrition
Percentage (Frequency) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of signs (N = 649) | Boys | Girls | Total |
P value*
|
Zero (0)
|
42.1 (130)
|
43.8 (149)
|
43.0 (279)
| |
One (1) or more
|
57.9 (179)
|
56.2 (191)
|
57.0 (370)
|
0.652
|
Two (2)
|
14.2 (44)
|
12.1 (41)
|
13.1 (85)
|
0.411
|
Stunting + Thinness | 1.9 (6) | 0.3 (1) | 1.1 (7) |
0.042
|
Stunting + Anaemia | 3.2 (10) | 3.5 (12) | 3.4 (22) |
0.837
|
Thinness + Anaemia | 6.5 (20) | 5.3 (18) | 5.9 (38) |
0.523
|
Stunting + VAD
††
| 3.6 (3) | 5.6 (5) | 4.6 (8) |
0.544
|
Thinness + VAD
††
| 3.6 (3) | 2.2 (2) | 2.9 (5) |
0.585
|
Anaemia + VAD
††
| 24.1 (20) | 16.7(15) | 20.2 (35) |
0.224
|
Three (3)
|
1.9 (6)
|
1.2 (4)
|
1.5 (10)
|
0.429
|
Stunting + Thinness + Anaemia | 1.0 (3) | 0.0 (0) | 0,5 (3) |
0.069
|
Stunting + VAD + Anaemia
††
| 1.2 (1) | 4.4 (4) | 2.9 (5) |
0.204
|
Thinness + Anaemia + VAD
††
| 2.4 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 1.2 (2) |
0.139
|
Nutritional status (%)
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)
| N | Overweight/Obesity | Thinness | Stunting | Anaemia | Vitamin A deficiency ††
|
7-9 | 63 | 4 (6.3) | 9 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (30.2) | 3 (17.6) |
10-12 | 507 | 11 (2.2) | 64 (12.6) | 42 (8.3) | 207 (40.8) | 55 (43.3) |
13-14 | 79 | 0 (0.0) | 16 (20.3) | 15 (19.0) | 36 (45.6) | 9 (31.0) |
P value*
|
0.039
|
0.184
|
< 0.001
|
0.160
|
0.081
| |
Total
| 649 | 15 (2.3) | 89 (13.7) | 57 (8.8) | 262 (40.4) | 67 (38.7) |
Nutritional status (%)
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
School characteristics
| N | Overweight/obesity | Thinness | Stunting | Anaemia | Vitamin A deficiency††
|
School type
| ||||||
Public schools | 457 | 6 (1.3) | 64 (14.0) | 44 (9.6) | 204 (44.6) | 64 (52.9) |
Private schools | 192 | 9 (4.7) | 25 (13.0) | 13 (6.8) | 58 (30.2) | 3 (5.8) |
P value*
|
0.009
|
0.740
|
0.241
|
0.001
|
< 0.001
| |
School location
| ||||||
Urban schools | 543 | 15 (2.8) | 68 (12.5) | 40 (7.4) | 221 (40.7) | 52 (35.9) |
Peri-urban schools | 106 | 0 (0.0) | 21 (19.8) | 17 (16.0) | 41 (38.7) | 15 (53.6) |
P value*
|
0.083
|
0.046
|
0.004
|
0.698
|
0.078
| |
Total
| 649 | 15 (2.3) | 89 (13.7) | 57 (8.8) | 262 (40.4) | 67 (38.7) |