Background
Methods
Study population
Determination of dietary intake data
Food group equivalent intakes and healthy eating index (HEI-2005)
Physiological measures
Statistical analyses
Results
Usual intake of orange juice
Total population | Consumers only | Percentiles of intake among consumers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 8,861 | n = 2,310 | |||||
Gender | Mean ± SE | Pct. | Mean ± SE | 25th ± SE | 50th ± SE | 75th ± SE |
Combined | 50.3 ± 1.8 | 23.8 | 210.0 ± 3.8 | 109.4 ± 3.0 | 468.6 ± 4.7 | 259.3 ± 6.8 |
Male | 59.2 ± 2.7a
| 24.5 | 235.6 ± 5.3a
| 118.3 ± 4.1 | 192.2 ± 2.0 | 286.9 ± 8.3 |
Female | 41.4 ± 2.1b
| 23.1 | 177.4 ± 5.0b
| 94.6 ± 3.8 | 147.9 ± 7.4 | 227.7 ± 7.7 |
Usual intake of macronutrients, and selected micronutrients
Usual intake | Percentile | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Mean ± SE | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 |
Energy, Kcal/d | ||||||
Consumer | 2248 ± 33 | 1400 | 1702 | 2126 | 2684 | 3569 |
Non-Consumer | 2185 ± 15 | 1339 | 1656 | 2087 | 2622 | 3170 |
Protein, g/d | ||||||
Consumer | 84.9 ± 1.3 | 52.2 | 62.5 | 79.8 | 102.0 | 125.3 |
Non-Consumer | 83.4 ± 0.7 | 50.4 | 62.8 | 80.0 | 100.6 | 121.4 |
Carbohydrates, g/d | ||||||
Consumer | 279 ± 4a
| 178 | 214 | 265 | 330 | 402 |
Non-Consumer | 260 ± 2b
| 155 | 194 | 248 | 314 | 384 |
Total sugars, g/d | ||||||
Consumer | 133 ± 2.3a
| 77.4 | 96.9 | 124 | 160 | 201 |
Non-Consumer | 119 ± 1.3b
| 57.2 | 79.0 | 110 | 149 | 192 |
Dietary fiber, g/d | ||||||
Consumer | 16.6 ± 0.3a
| 9.6 | 12.2 | 15.8 | 20.1 | 24.7 |
Non-Consumer | 15.3 ± 0.3b
| 8.6 | 11.1 | 14.5 | 18.5 | 22.9 |
Total fat, g/d | ||||||
Consumer | 83.1 ± 1.4 | 47.7 | 60.8 | 78.7 | 101.2 | 124.6 |
Non-Consumer | 83.7 ± 0.7 | 47.6 | 61.3 | 79.9 | 102.1 | 125.1 |
Saturated fatty acids, g/d | ||||||
Consumer | 27.4 ± 0.6 | 15.2 | 19.6 | 25.8 | 33.4 | 41.6 |
Non-Consumer | 27.8 ± 0.3 | 15.0 | 19.7 | 26.3 | 34.3 | 42.8 |
Usual intake | Percentile | EAR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Mean ± SE | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | % Below ± SE |
Vitamin A, RAE ug/d | |||||||
Consumer | 660 ± 15a
| 364 | 471 | 618 | 802 | 1009 | 39.7 ± 2.5a
|
Non-Consumer | 580 ± 8b
| 265 | 373 | 529 | 730 | 960 | 54.0 ± 1.2b
|
Vitamin B-6, mg/d | |||||||
Consumer | 2.1 ± 0.0a
| 1.3 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 9.5 ± 1.0a
|
Non-Consumer | 1.9 ± 0.0b
| 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 16.7 ± 1.4b
|
Folate, DFE ug/d | |||||||
Consumer | 606 ± 10a
| 358 | 451 | 578 | 730 | 890 | 5.8 ± 0.7a
|
Non-Consumer | 521 ± 6b
| 288 | 371 | 487 | 634 | 796 | 15.1 ± 0.9b
|
Vitamin C, mg/d | |||||||
Consumer | 146 ± 2.4a
| 110 | 125 | 148 | 167 | 178 | 0.0 ± 0.0a
|
Non-Consumer | 66.6 ± 1.3b
| 26.1 | 38.9 | 58.5 | 85.4 | 117.1 | 59.0 ± 1.4b
|
Magnesium, mg/d | |||||||
Consumer | 313 ± 4a
| 193 | 238 | 296 | 372 | 449 | 51.6 ± 1.6a
|
Non-Consumer | 283 ± 3b
| 170 | 213 | 270 | 339 | 411 | 63.7 ± 1.2b
|
Usual Intake | Percentile | AI | |||||
Group | Mean ± SE | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | % Above ± SE |
Sodium, mg/d | |||||||
Consumer | 3483 ± 53 | 2066 | 2604 | 3338 | 4213 | 5107 | 98.4 ± 0.3 |
Non-Consumer | 3501 ± 29 | 2137 | 2654 | 3351 | 4194 | 5074 | 98.8 ± 0.2 |
Potassium, mg/d | |||||||
Consumer | 3026 ± 36a
| 1978 | 2396 | 2939 | 3564 | 4195 | 4.1 ± 0.8a
|
Non-Consumer | 2623 ± 22b
| 1610 | 2009 | 2532 | 3140 | 3756 | 1.8 ± 0.2b
|
Diet quality and food group equivalents usual intake
Usual intake | Percentile | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Mean ± SE | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 |
Healthy Eating Index, score | ||||||
Consumer | 55.0 ± 0.4a
| 44.5 | 49.3 | 54.9 | 60.6 | 65.7 |
Non-Consumer | 49.7 ± 0.3b
| 38.4 | 43.5 | 49.4 | 55.6 | 61.4 |
Total dairy, cup equivalents | ||||||
Consumer | 1.6 ± 0.05 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.9 |
Non-Consumer | 1.5 ± 0.002 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 2.8 |
Total fruit, cup equivalents | ||||||
Consumer | 1.8 ± 0.05a
| 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.3 |
Non-Consumer | 0.7 ± 0.02b
| 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
Fruit juice, cup equivalents | ||||||
Consumer | 1.1 ± 0.03a
| 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
Non-Consumer | 0.2 ± 0.01b
| 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 0.4 | |
Whole fruit, cup equivalents | ||||||
Consumer | 0.7 ± 0.03a
| 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.4 |
Non-Consumer | 0.5 ± 0.02b
| 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.1 |
Total grain, ounce equivalents | ||||||
Consumer | 7.0 ± 0.1 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 8.4 | 10.0 |
Non-Consumer | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 6.4 | 8.3 | 10.3 |
Whole grain, ounce equivalents | ||||||
Consumer | 0.8 ± 0.03a
| 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.5 |
Non-Consumer | 0.6 ± 0.02b
| 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.3 |
Total vegetables, cup equivalents | ||||||
Consumer | 1.7 ± 0.03 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
Non-Consumer | 1.6 ± 0.03 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
Anthropometric and cardiovascular risk factors
Consumers | Non-consumers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | n | LSM ± SE | n | LSM ± SE | p-Value |
Body Weight* (kg) | 2130 | 81.3 ± 0.20 | 6150 | 81.4 ± 0.12 | 0.5072 |
BMI* (kg/m2) | 2130 | 27.6 ± 0.18 | 6150 | 28.5 ± 0.11 | <0.0001 |
Waist Circumference* (cm) | 2069 | 97.1 ± 0.17 | 6005 | 97.3 ± 0.10 | 0.4381 |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)**
| 1801 | 124.0 ± 0.53 | 5296 | 123.8 ± 0.30 | 0.7604 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)**
| 1801 | 70.8 ± 0.42 | 5296 | 71.3 ± 0.23 | 0.2976 |
Serum Vitamin C (mg/dL)**
| 2022 | 1.1 ± 0.01 | 5813 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
C-Reactive Protein** (mg/dL) | 2041 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 5874 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 0.5922 |
Total Cholesterol** (mg/dL) | 2034 | 197.6 ± 1.2 | 5857 | 200.8 ± 0.75 | 0.0220 |
HDL-Cholesterol** (mg/dL) | 2033 | 53.7 ± 0.45 | 5857 | 53.8 ± 0.24 | 0.8230 |
Triglycerides** (mg/dL) | 954 | 141.6 ± 3.6 | 2833 | 147.4 ± 3.3 | 0.2246 |
LDL-Cholesterol** (mg/dL) | 939 | 112.5 ± 1.4 | 2746 | 116.7 ± 0.93 | 0.0110 |
Plasma Glucose** (mg/dL) | 960 | 103.0 ± 1.4 | 2856 | 102.4 ± 0.62 | 0.6853 |
Insulin** (uU/mL) | 951 | 11.6 ± 0.38 | 2823 | 11.3 ± 0.25 | 0.4441 |
RBC Folate** (ng/mL RBC) | 2044 | 309.3 ± 3.6 | 5872 | 285.3 ± 2.0 | <0.0001 |
Serum Folate** (ng/mL) | 2037 | 14.8 ± 0.24 | 5849 | 13.7 ± 0.25 | 0.0013 |
Homocysteine** (umol/L) | 1988 | 8.7 ± 0.08 | 5729 | 8.9 ± 0.06 | 0.0853 |
Risk of metabolic syndrome and risk factors for metabolic syndrome
Risk | OR ± SE | LCL, UCL | p-Value | OR ± SE | LCL, UCL | p-Value | OR ± SE | LCL, UCL | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Female | Male | |||||||
MetS | 0.93 ± 0.13 | 0.71, 1.22 | 0.5790 | 1.41 ± 0.28 | 0.96, 2.07 | 0.0795 | 0.64 ± 0.12 | 0.45,0.91 | 0.0119 |
Elevated BP | 0.98 ± 0.07 | 0.85, 1.13 | 0.7586 | 0.98 ± 0.15 | 0.73, 1.31 | 0.8948 | 0.95 ± 0.12 | 0.75, 1.22 | 0.7078 |
High Glucose | 0.96 ± 0.10 | 0.78, 1.18 | 0.6772 | 1.08 ± 0.17 | 0.79, 1.47 | 0.6180 | 0.82 ± 0.11 | 0.64, 1.06 | 0.1361 |
High TG | 1.11 ± 0.13 | 0.89, 1.39 | 0.3575 | 1.41 ± 0.25 | 1.00, 1.99 | 0.0503 | 0.91 ± 0.11 | 0.72, 1.15 | 0.4474 |
Elevated WC | 0.98 ± 0.15 | 0.73, 1.33 | 0.9067 | 1.09 ± 0.24 | 0.72, 1.66 | 0.6890 | 0.83 ± 0.15 | 0.59, 1.18 | 0.3052 |
Low HDL-C | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.78, 1.09 | 0.3518 | 1.08 ± 0.11 | 0.89 1.31 | 0.4271 | 0.77 ± 0.10 | 0.61, 0.99 | 0.0406 |
Obese | 0.79 ± 0.08 | 0.65, 0.95 | 0.0116 | 0.76 ± 0.10 | 0.59, 0.97 | 0.0289 | 0.79 ± 0.09 | 0.64, 0.97 | 0.0276 |
Overweight | 1.13 ± 0.07 | 0.99, 1.28 | 0.0699 | 1.18 ± 0.10 | 0.99, 1.39 | 0.0581 | 1.07 ± 0.09 | 0.91, 1.26 | 0.3976 |
Overweight or Obese | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 0.76, 1.04 | 0.1437 | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.73, 1.08 | 0.2216 | 0.85 ± 0.09 | 0.69, 1.06 | 0.1461 |
High LDL-C | 0.82 ± 0.10 | 0.66, 1.03 | 0.0908 | 0.76 ± 0.12 | 0.57, 1.03 | 0.0783 | 0.85 ± 0.14 | 0.63, 1.16 | 0.3163 |