Background
Nicaragua and poverty
Methods
Study setting
Data sources and collection methods
Intervention design and evaluation
Definition of variables
Data analysis
Ethical consideration
Results
Baseline (2004) | Follow-up (2009) | |
---|---|---|
Mean (SD
1
)
|
Mean (SD)
| |
Number of households | 4,451 | 5,037 |
Household size | 5.1 (2.5) | 4.9 (2.3) |
Female as head of household (95% CI2) | 25% (23–26) | 23% (21–24) |
Age of head of household | 46 (16) | 49 (16) |
Migration (95% CI) | 2.2% (1.8–2.7) | 6.7% (6.0–7.5) |
Illiteracy (95% CI) | 19% (18–20) | 14% (13–14) |
School enrolment3 (95% CI) | 94% (93–94) | 98% (98–99) |
Sex ratio (male: female) | 0.98 | 0.99 |
Women of reproductive age4 | 47% (46–48) | 49% (48–50) |
Children under age five (95% CI) | 12% (11–12) | 11% (10–11) |
Under-five mortality per 1000 live births5 (95% CI) | 24 (13–40) | 16.4 (7–33) |
Fertility rate | 2.9 | 2.5 |
Poverty reduction and poverty transition
Number | % | |
---|---|---|
Non-poor in 2004 | n = 979 | |
Non-poor in 2009 | 818 | 83.6 |
Poor in 2009 | 160 | 16.3 |
Extremely poor in 2009 | 1 | 0.1 |
Poor in 2004 | n = 2,574 | |
Non-poor in 2009 | 860 | 33.4 |
Poor in 2009 | 1,642 | 63.8 |
Extremely poor in 2009 | 72 | 2.8 |
Extremely-poor in 2004 | n = 299 | |
Non-poor in 2009 | 41 | 13.7 |
Poor in 2009 | 237 | 79.3 |
Extremely poor in 2009 | 21 | 7.0 |
Total | 3,852 | 100.0 |
Poverty and poverty transition associated with interventions
Interventions | 1990–1994 | 1995–1999 | 2000–2004 | 2005–2009 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Households | |||||
Piped drinking water installation | 35 | 99 | 348 | 515 | 997 |
Latrine installation | 44 | 480 | 1,089 | 2,331 | 3,944 |
Home gardening | 6 | 112 | 737 | 855 | |
Individual level | |||||
Microcredit | 9 | 80 | 1,141 | 1,230 | |
Technical training | 3 | 7 | 73 | 600 | 683 |
Program | 2004 | 2009 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Microcredit | Population Ages 15–65 | Population Ages 15–65 | ||
Non-poor | 3,044 | 2.3 (7) [1.0–4.9]1 | 1,156 | 83.3(174) [72.0–96.2] |
Poor and extremely poor | 9,039 | 1.2 (18) [0.6–2.2] | 7,274 | 10.0 (125) [8.3–11.9] |
Home gardens | Households | Households | ||
Non-poor | 1,139 | 6.1 (7) [2.6–13.2] | 2,111 | 36.0 (76) [28.6–45.0] |
Poor and extremely poor | 3,356 | 7.6 (23) [4.4–10.4] | 2,926 | 40.5 (117) [33.3–47.8] |
Technical training | Population Ages 18–40 | Population Ages 18–40 | ||
Non-poor | 1,831 | 12.6 (23) [8.1–19.6] | 3,514 | 43.3 (50) [32.5–57.0] |
Poor and extremely poor | 5,228 | 2.7 (14) [1.5–4.6] | 4,980 | 9.5 (69) [7.4–12.0] |
Poverty transition in household (2004 to 2009) | Number of households | Microcredit | Home gardening | Technical training |
---|---|---|---|---|
Poor to non-poor | 860 | 25.1% (216) [22.2–28.1]
1
| 16.6% (143) [14.2–19.3] | 12.7% (109) [10.5–15.1] |
Poor to poor or extremely poor | 1,714 | 18.9% (324) [17.0–20.8] | 11.5% (197) [10.0–13.1] | 9.3% (159) [7.9–10.7] |
Extremely poor to non-poor | 41 | 9.8% (4) [3.1–24.0] | 7.3% (3) [1.9–21.0] | 14.6% (6) [6.0–28.8] |
Extremely poor to poor or extremely poor | 258 | 19.0% (49) [14.5–24.4] | 15.9% (41) [11.7–21.0] | 12.4% (32) [8.7–17.2] |
Non-poor to non-poor | 818 | 32.5% (266) [29.3–35.8] | 8.6% (70) [6.7–10.7] | 14.8% (121) [12.4–17.4] |
Non-poor to poor or extremely poor | 161 | 21.1% (34) [15.2–28.3] | 11.8% (19) [7.4–18.0] | 9.3% (15) [5.4–15.1] |
Total | 3,852 | 893 | 473 | 442 |
Model Poor to non-poor APR1[95%CI] | c-statistic | Brier’s score for each propensity score model | |
---|---|---|---|
Microcredit (yes) | 1.29 [1.14–1.46] | 0.61 | 0.16 |
Technical training (yes) | 1.20 [1.02–1.41] | 0.66 | 0.09 |
Home gardening (yes) | 1.27 [1.10–1.46] | 0.61 | 0.11 |