Background
Methods
Data source
Study population
Measures
Gout characteristics
Health-related quality of life
Resource use
Work productivity and activity impairment
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographics & patient characteristics
Total sample | ||
---|---|---|
(n = 620) | ||
M
|
SD
| |
Age, mean years (SD) | 60.9 | 11.6 |
Duration of gout, years | 12.0 | 10.7 |
n
|
%
| |
Male | 504 | 81% |
Employed | 234 | 38% |
sUA level | ||
Unknown | 448 | 72% |
<6 mg/dL/360 μmol/L | 62 | 10% |
6-8 mg/dL/360-480 μmol/L | 75 | 12% |
>8 mg/dL/480 μmol/L | 35 | 6% |
Current medications | ||
Allopurinol | 319 | 51% |
Febuxostat | 29 | 5% |
Probenecid | 18 | 3% |
Benzbromarone | 4 | 1% |
Other | 97 | 16% |
None | 194 | 31% |
Flares in last 12 months | ||
Don’t recall | 8 | 1% |
0 | 143 | 23% |
1-2 | 235 | 38% |
3 | 91 | 15% |
4-5 | 86 | 14% |
6+ | 57 | 9% |
Tophi | ||
Don’t know | 195 | 31% |
0 | 349 | 56% |
1 | 29 | 5% |
2+ | 47 | 8% |
Number of self-reported tophi | Number of self-report flares in past 12 months | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No tophi (n =349) | Not sure (n = 195) | Any tophi (n = 76) | 0/don’t recall (n = 151) | 1 to 2 (n = 235) | 3 (n = 91) | 4 to 5 (n = 86) | 6+ (n = 57) | |||||||||
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
|
n
|
%
| |
Male | 293 | 84% | 154 | 79% | 57 | 75.0% | 127 | 84% | 202 | 86% | 67 | 74% | 66 | 77% | 42 | 74% |
Age M (SD) | 61.6 | (11.2) | 61.1 | (11.6) | 57.0 | (12.6) | 62.0 | (11.2) | 61.3 | (11.2) | 59.9 | (12.9) | 59.1 | (11.9) | 60.5 | (11.1) |
Length of illness (years) M (SD) | 11.9 | (10.4) | 11.6 | (11.4) | 13.3 | (10.0) | 13.5 | (12.0) | 12.1 | (10.1) | 10.6 | (10.5) | 9.6 | (7.6) | 13.5 | (12.7) |
Employed | 140 | 40.1% | 69 | 35.4% | 30 | 39.5% | 54 | 35.8% | 94 | 40.0% | 38 | 41.8% | 29 | 33.7% | 24 | 42.1% |
Medication | ||||||||||||||||
Allopurinol | 182 | 52.1% | 94 | 48.2% | 43 | 56.6% | 91 | 60.3% | 104 | 44.3% | 46 | 50.5% | 48 | 55.8% | 30 | 52.6% |
Febuxostat | 8 | 2.3% | 5 | 2.6% | 16 | 21.1% | 4 | 2.6% | 11 | 4.7% | 5 | 5.5% | 4 | 4.7% | 5 | 8.8% |
Probenecid | 8 | 2.3% | 4 | 2.1% | 6 | 7.9% | 6 | 4% | 6 | 2.6% | 2 | 2.2% | 2 | 2.3% | 2 | 3.5% |
Benzbromarone | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 4 | 5.3% | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0.4% | 1 | 1.1% | 2 | 2.3% | 0 | 0% |
Other | 45 | 12.9% | 40 | 20.5% | 12 | 15.8% | 5 | 3.3% | 32 | 13.6% | 74 | 18.7% | 26 | 30.2% | 17 | 29.8% |
none | 120 | 34.4 | 63 | 32.3 | 11 | 14.5% | 48 | 31.8% | 90 | 38.3% | 27 | 29.7% | 17 | 19.8% | 12 | 21.1% |
sUA | ||||||||||||||||
Unknown | 253 | 72.5% | 152 | 77.9% | 43 | 56.6% | 116 | 76.8% | 168 | 71.5% | 65 | 71.4% | 57 | 66.3% | 42 | 73.7% |
<6 mg/d | 45 | 12.9% | 13 | 6.7% | 4 | 5.3% | 23 | 15.2% | 28 | 11.9% | 4 | 4.4% | 5 | 5.8% | 2 | 3.5% |
6-8 mg/dL | 40 | 11.5% | 19 | 9.7% | 16 | 21.1% | 6 | 4% | 30 | 12.8% | 18 | 19.8% | 15 | 17.4% | 6 | 10.5% |
>8 mg/dL | 11 | 3.2% | 11 | 5.6% | 13 | 17.1% | 6 | 4% | 9 | 3.8% | 4 | 4.4% | 9 | 10.5% | 7 | 12.3% |
Tophi | ||||||||||||||||
No tophi | - | - | - | - | - | - | 109 | 72.2% | 142 | 60.4% | 44 | 48.4% | 33 | 38.4% | 21 | 36.8% |
Not sure | - | - | - | - | - | - | 38 | 25.2% | 65 | 27.7% | 33 | 36.3% | 34 | 39.5% | 25 | 43.9% |
Any tophi | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | 2.6% | 28 | 11.9% | 14 | 15.4% | 19 | 22.1% | 11 | 19.3% |
Flares | ||||||||||||||||
0/don’t recall | 109 | 31.2% | 38 | 19.5% | 4 | 5.3% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
1 to 2 | 142 | 40.7% | 65 | 33.3% | 28 | 36.8% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | 44 | 12.6% | 33 | 16.9% | 14 | 18.4% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
4 to 5 | 33 | 9.5% | 34 | 17.4% | 19 | 25.0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
6+ | 21 | 6.0% | 25 | 12.8% | 11 | 14.5% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
sUA levels
The burden of tophi
Number of self-reported tophi | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No tophi (n = 349) | Not sure (n = 195) | Any tophi (n = 76) | |||||
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
p
| |
HRQOL | |||||||
SF-12 MCS | 50.07 |
9.42
| 46.06 |
12.12
| 44.44 |
12.88
| <0.001 |
SF-12 PCS | 42.62 |
12.30
| 38.26 |
11.33
| 36.90 |
11.71
| <0.001 |
SF-6D Utility | 0.73 |
0.14
| 0.66 |
0.14
| 0.64 |
0.16
| <0.001 |
Work Productivity | |||||||
% Work missed | 4.76 |
17.68
| 5.28 |
18.09
| 8.80 |
13.65
| 0.513 |
% Impairment at work | 16.62 |
23.42
| 21.36 |
24.92
| 37.67 |
32.13
| <0.001 |
% Overall work impairment | 19.43 |
27.59
| 24.62 |
28.36
| 40.17 |
34.51
| 0.002 |
% Activity impairment | 33.35 |
32.30
| 44.05 |
32.08
| 48.68 |
34.77
| <0.001 |
Resource Use | |||||||
Number of traditional healthcare provider visits | 5.71 |
6.91
| 7.02 |
7.52
| 7.34 |
9.26
| 0.065 |
The burden of flares
Number of self-reported flares in past 12 months | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0/don't recall (n = 151) | 1 to 2 (n = 235) | 3 (n = 91) | 4 to 5 (n = 86) | 6+ (n = 57) | |||||||
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
M
|
SD
|
p
| |
HRQOL | |||||||||||
SF-12 MCS | 49.91 |
9.67
| 49.23 |
10.30
| 47.85 |
10.03
| 44.66 |
13.03
| 44.46 |
13.43
| <0.0001 |
SF-12 PCS | 43.25 |
11.61
| 42.72 |
12.27
| 38.16 |
11.85
| 37.04 |
11.40
| 33.49 |
9.99
| <0.0001 |
SF-6D Utility | 0.73 |
0.12
| 0.72 |
0.14
| 0.67 |
0.15
| 0.64 |
0.17
| 0.61 |
0.13
| <0.0001 |
Work Productivity | |||||||||||
% Work missed (n = 234) | 6.76 |
23.15
| 5.16 |
16.23
| 4.66 |
17.42
| 1.85 |
5.11
| 8.71 |
14.99
| 0.661 |
% Impairment at work (n = 229) | 14.12 |
18.35
| 21.22 |
26.72
| 21.62 |
27.84
| 19.26 |
26.01
| 33.33 |
30.60
| 0.056 |
% Overall work impairment (n = 234) | 19.80 |
26.90
| 23.23 |
29.80
| 24.29 |
30.42
| 19.93 |
26.70
| 36.58 |
33.32
| 0.197 |
% Activity impairment | 28.68 |
28.42
| 36.77 |
33.39
| 43.41 |
34.42
| 45.58 |
34.39
| 54.21 |
30.29
| <0.0001 |
Resource Use | |||||||||||
Number of traditional healthcare provider visits | 6.91 |
8.45
| 5.68 |
6.01
| 8.29 |
10.09
| 8.02 |
8.76
| 7.40 |
6.79
| 0.032 |
Multivariable models
Number of self-reported flares in past 12 months | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0/don't recall | 1 to 2 | 3 | 4 to 5 | 6+ | |
SF-12 MCS | |||||
No tophi | 50.44 | 50.32 | 50.07 | 47.35 | 46.84 |
Not sure | 47.20 | 47.07 | 46.83 | 44.11 | 43.59 |
1+ tophi | 46.86 | 46.73 | 46.49 | 43.77 | 43.25 |
SF-12 PCS | |||||
No tophi | 44.05 | 43.72 | 40.26 | 39.17 | 36.08 |
Not sure | 41.06 | 40.73 | 37.27 | 36.17 | 33.09 |
1+ tophi | 40.20 | 39.87 | 36.40 | 35.31 | 32.23 |