Background
Methods
Data source
Sample and procedure
Measures
Main independent variable
Atypical antipsychotic use
Outcomes
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
Health utility
Covariates
Demographic and health characteristics
Statistical analyses
Results
Sample characteristics
Variable | Aripiprazole (n = 255) | Other atypical (n = 171) | χ2 | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||||
Male | 110 |
43.14%
| 81 |
47.37%
| 0.74 | 0.391 | |
Ethnicity | |||||||
White | 194 |
76.08%
| 129 |
75.44%
| 0.02 | 0.880 | |
Black | 31 |
12.16%
| 19 |
11.11%
| 0.11 | 0.741 | |
Hispanic | 14 |
5.49%
| 14 |
8.19%
| 1.13 | 0.289 | |
Other | 16 |
6.27%
| 9 |
5.26%
| 0.20 | 0.659 | |
Married/living with partner | 112 |
43.92%
| 68 |
39.77%
| 0.73 | 0.394 | |
Region | |||||||
Northeast | 48 |
18.82%
| 36 |
21.05%
| 0.32 | 0.575 | |
Midwest | 57 |
22.35%
| 50 |
29.24%
| 2.50 | 0.115 | |
South | 98 |
38.43%
| 49 |
28.66%
| 4.48 | 0.035 | |
West | 52 |
20.39%
| 36 |
21.05%
| 0.03 | 0.869 | |
Some college education (or higher) | 194 |
76.08%
| 123 |
71.93%
| 0.91 | 0.342 | |
Annual household income | |||||||
<$25 K | 98 |
38.43%
| 69 |
40.35%
| 0.16 | 0.692 | |
$25 K to < $50 K | 75 |
29.41%
| 53 |
30.99%
| 0.12 | 0.728 | |
$50 K to < $75 K | 45 |
17.65%
| 24 |
14.04%
| 1.02 | 0.313 | |
$75 K or more | 37 |
14.51%
| 25 |
14.62%
| 0.00 | 0.975 | |
Employment status | |||||||
Currently employed | 95 |
37.25%
| 64 |
37.43%
| 0.00 | 0.971 | |
Unemployed | 55 |
21.57%
| 54 |
31.58%
| 5.18 | 0.023 | |
On disability | 20 |
7.84%
| 7 |
4.09%
| 2.73 | 0.099 | |
Retired | 41 |
16.08%
| 11 |
6.43%
| 10.49 | 0.001 | |
On health insurance | 230 |
90.20%
| 138 |
80.70%
| 7.13 | 0.008 | |
Currently smoke | 83 |
32.55%
| 78 |
45.61%
| 7.35 | 0.007 | |
Exercise behavior | |||||||
None in past month | 128 |
50.20%
| 85 |
49.71%
| 0.01 | 0.921 | |
One to nine times a month | 66 |
25.88%
| 38 |
22.22%
| 0.76 | 0.385 | |
Ten or more times a month | 61 |
23.92%
| 48 |
28.07%
| 0.91 | 0.342 | |
Currently drink alcohol | 135 |
52.94%
| 106 |
61.99%
| 3.46 | 0.063 | |
Body mass index | |||||||
Normal | 40 |
15.69%
| 41 |
23.98%
| 4.32 | 0.038 | |
Overweight | 65 |
25.49%
| 46 |
26.90%
| 0.10 | 0.746 | |
Obese | 147 |
57.65%
| 84 |
49.12%
| 2.99 | 0.084 | |
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
t
|
p
| ||
Age |
47.87
| 12.41 |
46.22
| 11.1 | 1.40 | 0.162 | |
Charlson comorbidity index |
0.94
| 1.78 |
1.16
| 1.78 | −1.47 | 0.142 |
Variable | Aripiprazole (n = 255) | Other atypical (n = 171) | χ2 | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||||
Psychiatrist as prescribing physician | 177 |
69.41%
| 124 |
72.51%
| 0.48 | 0.489 | |
Years diagnosed with depression | |||||||
1 - 5 years | 68 |
26.67%
| 42 |
24.56%
| 0.24 | 0.625 | |
6 - 10 years | 55 |
21.57%
| 43 |
25.15%
| 0.72 | 0.395 | |
11 years or more | 129 |
50.59%
| 84 |
49.12%
| 0.09 | 0.767 | |
Concomitant treatments | |||||||
SSRI | 130 |
50.98%
| 103 |
60.23%
| 3.58 | 0.059 | |
SNRI | 111 |
43.53%
| 43 |
25.15%
| 16.23 | <.0001 | |
TCA | 28 |
10.98%
| 21 |
12.28%
| 0.17 | 0.684 | |
Other | 85 |
33.33%
| 64 |
37.43%
| 0.75 | 0.388 |
Main analysis: unadjusted differences between respondents using aripiprazole and respondents using other atypical antipsychotics
Main analysis: adjusted differences between respondents using aripiprazole and respondents using other atypical antipsychotics
b | MCS | PCS | Health utilities | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% LCL | 95% UCL | b | 95% LCL | 95% UCL | b | 95% LCL | 95% UCL | ||
Intercept | 31.754 | 24.302 | 39.205 | 52.049 | 44.581 | 59.517 | 0.653 | 0.570 | 0.735 |
Aripiprazole | 2.673 | 0.460 | 4.886 | 1.321 | −0.898 | 3.539 | 0.026 | 0.001 | 0.052 |
Age | 0.150 | 0.056 | 0.245 | −0.245 | −0.339 | −0.150 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.001 |
Male | −0.569 | −2.741 | 1.603 | 0.275 | −1.902 | 2.452 | −0.003 | −0.028 | 0.023 |
Black | −0.506 | −3.859 | 2.847 | 1.756 | −1.604 | 5.117 | 0.013 | −0.025 | 0.052 |
Hispanic | −3.834 | −8.186 | 0.518 | 0.021 | −4.341 | 4.383 | −0.061 | −0.111 | −0.011 |
Other race/ethnicity | 1.188 | −3.335 | 5.712 | −0.643 | −5.177 | 3.891 | 0.014 | −0.036 | 0.064 |
Married/living with partner | −4.480 | −6.856 | −2.104 | −0.457 | −2.839 | 1.924 | −0.023 | −0.050 | 0.003 |
Midwest region | −3.498 | −6.645 | −0.351 | 0.791 | −2.363 | 3.945 | −0.016 | −0.051 | 0.018 |
South region | −1.439 | −4.409 | 1.532 | 1.666 | −1.311 | 4.643 | 0.000 | −0.033 | 0.033 |
West region | 0.386 | −2.965 | 3.738 | 1.371 | −1.988 | 4.730 | 0.011 | −0.027 | 0.049 |
Some college education (or higher) | −0.193 | −2.725 | 2.340 | 1.389 | −1.150 | 3.927 | −0.009 | −0.037 | 0.019 |
Income: $25 K to < $50 K | 2.076 | −0.571 | 4.723 | 0.881 | −1.772 | 3.534 | 0.014 | −0.016 | 0.044 |
Income: $50 K to < $75 K | 5.593 | 2.343 | 8.843 | 1.175 | −2.082 | 4.432 | 0.055 | 0.018 | 0.092 |
Income: $75 K or more | 3.687 | 0.110 | 7.265 | 3.558 | −0.027 | 7.144 | 0.039 | −0.001 | 0.078 |
Health insurance | −1.798 | −4.891 | 1.296 | 0.644 | −2.456 | 3.744 | −0.012 | −0.047 | 0.023 |
2009 survey | 0.057 | −2.892 | 3.005 | −0.302 | −3.257 | 2.653 | −0.015 | −0.041 | 0.010 |
2010 survey | 2.393 | −0.132 | 4.919 | −0.909 | −3.441 | 1.622 | -- | -- | -- |
2011 survey | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | * | * | * |
Currently smoke | 0.526 | −1.749 | 2.800 | −3.891 | −6.171 | −1.612 | −0.005 | −0.031 | 0.020 |
Exercise 1–9 times a month | 1.238 | −1.436 | 3.911 | 0.599 | −2.080 | 3.278 | 0.001 | −0.028 | 0.031 |
Exercise 10+ times a month | 1.811 | −0.773 | 4.394 | 1.047 | −1.542 | 3.636 | −0.004 | −0.035 | 0.026 |
Currently drink alcohol | 0.329 | −1.880 | 2.539 | 1.326 | −0.889 | 3.541 | 0.021 | −0.004 | 0.047 |
Overweight | −0.618 | −3.769 | 2.532 | −2.452 | −5.610 | 0.706 | −0.034 | −0.070 | 0.003 |
Obese | −0.714 | −3.565 | 2.138 | −5.169 | −8.027 | −2.311 | −0.055 | −0.088 | −0.021 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 0.157 | −0.551 | 0.865 | −2.056 | −2.766 | −1.347 | −0.009 | −0.017 | 0.000 |
Psychiatrist as prescribing physician | −2.574 | −4.936 | −0.212 | 2.735 | 0.368 | 5.101 | −0.012 | −0.039 | 0.015 |
Diagnosed for 6–10 years | −0.006 | −2.963 | 2.951 | −0.450 | −3.413 | 2.514 | 0.005 | −0.028 | 0.039 |
Diagnosed 11 years or more | 0.138 | −2.542 | 2.817 | −0.922 | −3.607 | 1.763 | 0.001 | −0.030 | 0.033 |
SSRI | −2.511 | −5.373 | 0.352 | 1.090 | −1.778 | 3.959 | −0.009 | −0.041 | 0.023 |
SNRI | −3.959 | −6.979 | −0.939 | 2.353 | −0.674 | 5.379 | −0.022 | −0.056 | 0.012 |
TCA | −3.710 | −7.054 | −0.366 | −2.941 | −6.292 | 0.410 | −0.063 | −0.100 | −0.025 |
Other treatment | −2.044 | −4.358 | 0.270 | 0.493 | −1.826 | 2.812 | −0.027 | −0.053 | −0.001 |