Background
Review of literature
Conceptual framework
Methods
Aim
Design
Settings and sampling
Data collection procedures
The SF-36 health survey (SF36)
Concepts | SF 36 Health Dimensions | Total items |
---|---|---|
Functional status subscales: 1,2, 6,7 | ||
1. Physical functioning (PF) | Perceptions of quality of life that are influenced by their physical condition. Performing vigorous activities, moderate activities or all types of physical activities including the most vigorous without limitation as a result of health. | 10 |
2. Physical role limitations (RP) | Performance of the roles in daily activities is impeded by their physical state of health, e.g. ability to perform vigorous activities or moderate activities. | 4 |
Physical limitations in performance of daily living. Problems encountered with daily activities or work as a result of physical health or No problems with work or other daily activities as a result of physical health. | ||
6. Social functioning (SF) | Social activities and interaction with significant others such as family members, friends, neighbours and other social relations. Performance of social activities in lieu of health problem (eg, osteoarthritis) or normal social activities without interference. | 2 |
7. Emotional – Role limitations (RE) | Emotional condition, e.g. feeling depressed or anxious, limits the daily functioning and ability to perform roles, such as in cutting down on the amount of time spent on work or other activities and accomplishing less than he/she would like to. Problems encountered with daily activities or work as a result of emotional health or No problems with work or other daily activities as a result of emotional problems. | 3 |
Wellbeing subscales: 3-5,8
| ||
3. Bodily pain (BP) | The scores on this dimension indicate to what extent the respondents’ experience of bodily pain hinders their performance of daily activities, including work-related duties in the public domain and tasks within the home environment. Overall pain severity. No pain or limitations resulting from pain. | 2 |
5. Vitality/energy/fatigue (VT) | Feeling energetic and full of pep, or worn out and tired. | 4 |
Frequency of feeling full of energy vs tired. Feels full of pep and energy all of the time. | ||
8. General Mental health (MH) | Psychological distress and psychological wellbeing dimension of the respondent is measured in terms of the extent to which he/she is inter alia feeling full of pep, is happy, is feeling calm and peaceful, is very nervous, or is feeling worn out and tired. Degree of nervousness or depression. Feels peaceful, happy | 5 |
Overall evaluation of health subscale: 4
| ||
4. General health perceptions (GH) | Concepts such as excellent, very good, good, fair or poor, getting ill easier than other people, and just as healthy as anyone he/she knows. Overall general health. Evaluates personal health as excellent. | 5 |
Total SF36 Health Survey scale
| 35 | |
36th question
| “Compare health now with that one year ago?”, is not included within these eight scales |
Coping strategy checklist
Social and health status
Ethical considerations
Data analysis
Validity and reliability
Results
Social health status
Socio-Economic Status | Mining community | Agricultural community | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 145 | N = 133 | ||||
Variable | Category | F | % | F | % |
Age | Less than 30 years | 36 | 24.8 | 37 | 27.8 |
30-39 years | 64 | 44.1 | 60 | 45.1 | |
More than 40 years | 45 | 31.0 | 36 | 27.1 | |
Marital status | Living with husband | 139 | 95.9 | 127 | 95.5 |
Separated/divorced | 6 | 4.1 | 6 | 4.5 | |
Years of stay | Less than 10 years | 53 | 36.6 | 45 | 33.8 |
10-20 years | 33 | 22.8 | 48 | 36.1 | |
More than 20 years | 59 | 40.7 | 40 | 30.1 | |
Family type | Joint | 24 | 16.6 | 20 | 15.0 |
Nuclear | 121 | 83.5 | 115 | 85.0 | |
Educational status | No schooling | 36 | 24.8 | 31 | 23.3 |
Elementary (till 4th) | 33 | 22.8 | 22 | 16.5 | |
Secondary (till 10th) | 58 | 40.0 | 71 | 53.4 | |
Vocational courses | 18 | 12.4 | 9 | 6.8 | |
Employment before marriage | Farming | 9 | 6.2 | 51 | 38.3 |
Unskilled | 42 | 29.0 | 8 | 6.0 | |
Employment after marriage | Farming | 5 | 3.4 | 48 | 36.1 |
Unskilled | 15 | 10.4 | 14 | 10.5 | |
Housewife | 125 | 86.2 | 71 | 58.4 | |
Economic status | Good | 90 | 62.1 | 48 | 36.1 |
Moderate | 37 | 25.5 | 51 | 38.3 | |
Poor | 18 | 12.4 | 34 | 25.6 | |
Domestic violence | Wife beating | 28 | 19.3 | 22 | 16.5 |
No assault | 117 | 80.7 | 98 | 73.7 | |
Emotional coping | Present | 42 | 29.0 | 71 | 53.4 |
Absent | 103 | 71.0 | 62 | 46.6 | |
Cognitive coping | Present | 29 | 20.0 | 80 | 60.2 |
Absent | 116 | 80.0 | 53 | 39.8 | |
Behavioural coping | Present | 38 | 26.2 | 41 | 31.1 |
Absent | 107 | 73.8 | 91 | 68.9 | |
Social coping | Present | 101 | 69.7 | 107 | 80.5 |
Absent | 44 | 30.3 | 26 | 19.5 | |
Ownership | Own house | 103 | 71.0 | 119 | 89.5 |
Rental house | 42 | 29.0 | 14 | 10.5 | |
Agricultural land | 29 | 20.0 | 59 | 44.0 |
Physical and Mental Health | Mining community | Agricultural community | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 145 | N =133 | |||
Freq | % | Freq | % | |
Eye (inflammation, allergy, cataract) | 79 | 54.48 | 57 | 42.86 |
Ear (infection, hearing deficit, inflammation) | 16 | 11.03 | 18 | 13.53 |
Throat (inflammation, allergy, sore throat) | 11 | 7.59 | 16 | 12.03 |
Skin (infection, boils, allergy) | 14 | 9.66 | 11 | 8.27 |
Upper respiratory (common cold, sinus, dust allergy, dry cough) | 44 | 30.34 | 32 | 24.06 |
Lower respiratory (cough with phlegm, congestion, infection) | 49 | 33.79 | 26 | 19.55 |
Heart (chest pain, high BP, heart diseases) | 15 | 10.34 | 17 | 12.78 |
Musculoskeletal (severe backache, joint pain, neck pain, injury, foot problems) | 70 | 48.28 | 78 | 58.65 |
Digestive (severe backache, joint pain, neck pain, injury, foot problems) | 15 | 10.34 | 19 | 14.29 |
Endocrine (diabetes, thyroid) | 4 | 2.76 | 1 | 0.75 |
Psychological (body ache, headache, fatigue, lethargy, reduced sleep, insomnia, loss of sensation, dizziness, fainting, anxiety, worry) | 76 | 52.41 | 47 | 35.34 |
Dimensions of the SF36
Functional status and Well-being | Mining community N = 145 | Agricultural community N = 133 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scale
|
SF36 Dimensions and items
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
F
|
P
|
Physical health | 1.Physical Functioning (PF) | 50.1 | 26.1 | 53.7 | 21.1 | 1.5 | 0.22 |
2.Physical Role limitations (RP) | 57.8 | 44.6 | 79.9 | 35.3 | 20.8 | 0.00* | |
3.Bodily Pain (BP) | 69.3 | 25.1 | 73.2 | 19.9 | 2.0 | 0.15 | |
4.General health perceptions (GH) | 61.5 | 15.3 | 59.6 | 13.4 | 1.1 | 0.29 | |
5.Vitality/energy/fatigue (VT) | 60.4 | 15.0 | 61.8 | 13.7 | 0.7 | 0.42 | |
Mental health | 6.Social Functioning (SF) | 65.9 | 23.5 | 72.7 | 20.0 | 6.7 | 0.01* |
7.Emotional–Role limitations (RE) | 73.1 | 43.2 | 78.7 | 37.9 | 1.3 | 0.25 | |
8.Well-being or General Mental health (MH) | 63.6 | 16.0 | 69.8 | 15.2 | 10.9 | 0.00* | |
Physical health | 59.8 | 15.8 | 65.6 | 13.7 | 10.7 | 0.00* | |
Mental health | 64.9 | 15.5 | 68.5 | 13.1 | 4.4 | 0.04* | |
Total SF36 | 62.7 | 15.9 | 68.7 | 13.6 | 11.1 | 0.00* |
Predictors of HRQOL
Predictors | SF36 | Mining community N = 145, p | Agricultural community N = 133, p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | Physical Health | 0.02* | 0.00* |
Mental Health | 0.11 | 0.01* | |
Total Health | 0.03* | 0.00* | |
Marital status | Physical Health | 0.00* | 0.09 |
Mental Health | 0.00* | 0.01* | |
Total Health | 0.00* | 0.03* | |
Years of stay in the area | Physical Health | 0.11 | 0.03* |
Mental Health | 0.37 | 0.12 | |
Total Health | 0.15 | 0.04* | |
Educational status | Physical Health | 0.34 | 0.00* |
Mental Health | 0.55 | 0.00* | |
Total Health | 0.21 | 0.00* | |
Family type | Physical Health | 0.84 | 0.2 |
Mental Health | 0.96 | 0.49 | |
Total Health | 0.99 | 0.26 | |
Economic status | Physical Health | 0.00* | 0.00* |
Mental Health | 0.02* | 0.00* | |
Total Health | 0.00* | 0.00* | |
Domestic violence | Physical Health | 0.00* | 0.00* |
Mental Health | 0.00* | 0.00* | |
Total Health | 0.00* | 0.00* | |
Enduring illness | Physical Health | 0.00* | 0.00* |
Mental Health | 0.24 | 0.01* | |
Total Health | 0.03* | 0.00* | |
Employment | Physical Health | 0.13 | 0.01* |
Mental Health | 0.3 | 0.01* | |
Total Health | 0.18 | 0.00* | |
Ownership asset | Physical Health | 0.65 | 0.76 |
Mental Health | 0.04* | 0.04* | |
Total Health | 0.3 | 0.31 | |
Social coping | Physical Health | 0.01* | 0.43 |
Mental Health | 0.24 | 0.44 | |
Total Health | 0.05* | 0.89 | |
Cognitive coping | Physical Health | 0.10 | 0.03* |
Mental Health | 0.01* | 0.12 | |
Total Health | 0.02* | 0.05* | |
Emotional coping | Physical Health | 0.01* | 0.04* |
Mental Health | 0.07 | 0.66 | |
Total Health | 0.01* | 0.22 | |
Behavioural coping | Physical Health | 0.00* | 0.00* |
Mental Health | 0.24 | 0.01* | |
Total Health | 0.03* | 0.00* |
Source | Mining community N = 145 | Agricultural community N = 133 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health status | df | Mean Square | F | p. | Mean Square | F | p | |
Corrected Model | Physical health | 14 | 850.12 | 4.64 | 0* | 697.58 | 5.49 | 0* |
Mental health | 655.53 | 3.35 | 0 | 654.65 | 5.73 | 0* | ||
Intercept | Physical health | 1 | 684.6 | 3.74 | 0.06 | 3476.2 | 27.37 | 0* |
Mental health | 2073.6 | 10.59 | 0* | 5733.86 | 50.22 | 0* | ||
Enduring illness | Physical health | 1 | 1486.42 | 8.11 | 0.01* | 564.12 | 4.44 | 0.04* |
Mental health | 167.57 | 0.86 | 0.36 | 113.34 | 0.99 | 0.32 | ||
Age | Physical health | 1 | 427.57 | 2.33 | 0.13 | 1144.72 | 9.01 | 0* |
Mental health | 274.35 | 1.4 | 0.24 | 1244.24 | 10.9 | 0* | ||
Marital status | Physical health | 1 | 629.98 | 3.44 | 0.07 | 248.96 | 1.96 | 0.16 |
Mental health | 1523.03 | 7.78 | 0.01* | 1035.69 | 9.07 | 0* | ||
Years of stay | Physical health | 1 | 92.16 | 0.5 | 0.48 | 153.87 | 1.21 | 0.27 |
Mental health | 156.68 | 0.8 | 0.37 | 207.04 | 1.81 | 0.18 | ||
Education | Physical health | 1 | 204.76 | 1.12 | 0.29 | 182.34 | 1.44 | 0.23 |
Mental health | 80.75 | 0.41 | 0.52 | 60.52 | 0.53 | 0.47 | ||
Family type | Physical health | 1 | 157.01 | 0.86 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0 | 0.96 |
Mental health | 24.47 | 0.12 | 0.72 | 172.06 | 1.51 | 0.22 | ||
Employment | Physical health | 1 | 853.15 | 4.66 | 0.03* | 362.45 | 2.85 | 0.09 |
Mental health | 726.64 | 3.71 | 0.06 | 147.7 | 1.29 | 0.26 | ||
Ownership | Physical health | 1 | 0.77 | 0 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.98 |
Mental health | 504.24 | 2.58 | 0.11 | 571.89 | 5.01 | 0.03* | ||
Economic status | Physical health | 1 | 326.1 | 1.78 | 0.18 | 797.2 | 6.28 | 0.01* |
Mental health | 2.37 | 0.01 | 0.91 | 1171.78 | 10.26 | 0* | ||
Domestic violence | Physical health | 1 | 3066.98 | 16.74 | 0* | 1021.71 | 8.05 | 0.01* |
Mental health | 1929.47 | 9.86 | 0* | 1240.13 | 10.86 | 0* | ||
Emotional coping | Physical health | 1 | 32.48 | 0.18 | 0.67 | 690.2 | 5.44 | 0.02* |
Mental health | 26.65 | 0.14 | 0.71 | 70.7 | 0.62 | 0.43 | ||
Behavioural coping | Physical health | 1 | 54.86 | 0.3 | 0.59 | 117.13 | 0.92 | 0.34 |
Mental health | 338.15 | 1.73 | 0.19 | 229.14 | 2.01 | 0.16 | ||
Social coping | Physical health | 1 | 2650.92 | 14.47 | 0* | 27 | 0.21 | 0.65 |
Mental health | 688.86 | 3.52 | 0.06 | 378.83 | 3.32 | 0.07 | ||
Cognitive coping | Physical health | 1 | 622.34 | 3.4 | 0.07 | 719.18 | 5.66 | 0.02* |
Mental health | 1172.41 | 5.99 | 0.02* | 577.85 | 5.06 | 0.03* |
Wilks’ Lambda | Mining community N =145 | Agriculture N =133 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect | Value | F | p | Value | F | p |
Intercept | 0.92 | 5.46 | 0.01* | 0.70 | 24.95 | 0.00* |
Enduring illness | 0.92 | 5.44 | 0.01* | 0.96 | 2.44 | 0.09 |
Age | 0.98 | 1.16 | 0.32 | 0.91 | 5.85 | 0.00* |
Marital status | 0.94 | 3.90 | 0.02* | 0.92 | 5.01 | 0.01* |
Years of stay | 0.99 | 0.40 | 0.67 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.40 |
Education | 0.99 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.99 | 0.73 | 0.49 |
Family type | 0.99 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.97 | 1.57 | 0.21 |
Employment | 0.96 | 2.44 | 0.09 | 0.98 | 1.42 | 0.25 |
Ownership | 0.96 | 2.58 | 0.08 | 0.92 | 4.88 | 0.01* |
Family economic status | 0.97 | 1.68 | 0.19 | 0.92 | 5.15 | 0.01* |
Domestic violence | 0.89 | 8.33 | 0.00* | 0.91 | 5.64 | 0.00* |
Emotional coping | 1.00 | 0.09 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 3.42 | 0.04* |
Behavioural coping | 0.98 | 1.04 | 0.36 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.37 |
Social coping | 0.89 | 8.04 | 0.00* | 0.93 | 4.65 | 0.01* |
Coginitive coping | 0.96 | 2.97 | 0.05* | 0.95 | 3.13 | 0.05* |