Background
Methods
Population
Assessments
-
sociodemographic questions (age, gender, setting).
-
activity of daily living (ADL) questionnaire using 7 items describing patients' ability to perform physical activities (personal care, dressing, mobility and personal toiletry) and psychosocial activities (activities in the home and hobbies inside and outside of the home). Each activity was scored using a four-point Likert scale anchored at the ends with 1 = "Unable to perform the activity" and 4 = "Perform the activity without help from others". The physical ADL ranged between 4 (worst state) and 16 (best state), while the psychosocial ADL scored between 3 (worst state) and 12 (best state) [16].
EQ-5D | The Odense Study |
---|---|
Mobility
|
Mobility
|
1. I have no problems in walking around. | • Without help from others. |
2. I have some problems in walking around. | • Needs some help from others. |
• Needs help from others. | |
3. I am confined to bed. | • Unable to walk around without help. |
Personal care
|
Personal care/dressing
|
1. I have no problems with self-care. | • Without help from others. |
2. I have some problems with self-care. | • Needs some help from others. |
• Needs help from others. | |
3. I am unable to wash or dress myself. | • Unable to wash or dress without help. |
Usual activities
|
Hobbies in the home
|
1. I have no problems with performing my usual activities. | • Without help from others. |
2. I have some problems with performing my usual activities. | • Needs some help from others. |
• Needs help from others. | |
3. I an unable to perform my usual activities. | • Unable to perform hobbies in the home. |
Pain/discomfort
|
Patient's assessment of own health status
|
1. I have no pain or discomfort. | • Very good. |
2. I have moderate pain or discomfort. | • Good/fair. |
3. I have extreme pain or discomfort. | • Poor. |
Anxiety/depression
|
Patient's experience of emotional problems
|
1. I am not anxious or depressed. | • Never. |
2. I am moderately anxious or depressed. | • Sometimes. |
3. I am extremely anxious or depressed. | • Often. |
Patients classification
Severity Status
Dependency Status
Statistical Analysis
Results
Patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease | Patients suffering from vascular or other types of dementia | All patients suffering from dementia | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 164 (67.2%) | 80 (32.8%) | 244 |
Number of females | 89 (54.3%) | 33 (41.3%) | 122 (50.0%) |
Mean (SD) age in years | 79.4 (5.14) | 75.5 (5.21) | 78.1 (5.47) |
Mean (SD) MMSE score | 20.6 (4.62) | 21.6 (4.96) | 21.0 (4.75) |
Severity of dementia | |||
Mild (MMSE 20–30) | 91 (55.5%) | 49 (61.3%) | 140 (57.4%) |
Moderate (MMSE 10–19) | 51 (31.1%) | 23 (28.8%) | 74 (30.4%) |
Severe (MMSE 0–9) | 22 (13.4%) | 8 (10.0%) | 30 (12.3%) |
Mean (SD) physical ADL score | 14.1 (3.08) | 13.7 (2.96) | 14.0 (3.04) |
Mean (SD) psychosocial ADL score | 9.3 (2.81) | 9.0 (2.39) | 9.2 (2.68) |
Living in the community | 132 (80.5%) | 73 (91.3%) | 205 (84.0%) |
Dependent | Independent | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 38 (16%) | 206 (85%) | |
Number of females | 17 (45%) | 105 (51%) | 0.4801 |
Mean (SD) age in years | 79.3 (5) | 77.9 (5) | 0.1493 |
Number of AD patients | 24 (63%) | 140 (68%) | 0.5622 |
Mean (SD) MMSE score | 16.8 (6) | 21.4 (4) | <0.0001 |
Mean (SD) physical ADL score | 7.9 (2) | 15.1 (1) | <0.0001 |
Mean (SD) psychosocial ADL score | 4.7 (2) | 10.1 (2) | <0.0001 |
Number of patients living in the community | 16 (42%) | 189 (92%) | <0.0001 |
ADL status | Patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease | Patients suffering from vascular or other types of dementia | All | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent | 24 | (15%) | 14 | (18%) | 38 | (16%) |
Independent | 140 | (85%) | 66 | (83%) | 206 | (84%) |
All | 164 | (100%) | 80 | (100%) | 244 | (100%) |
N | Mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Severity Subgroups
| |||
Mild MMSE > 20 | 135 | 0.636 | (0.2109) |
Moderate 9 < MMSE < 20 | 64 | 0.596 | (0.2152) |
Severe MMSE < 10 | 12 | 0.486 | (0.2191) |
Dependency Subgroups
| |||
Independent | 193 | 0.641 | (0.1952) |
Dependent | 18 | 0.343 | 0.2324) |
Setting subgroups
| |||
Community | 191 | 0.621 | (0.2173) |
Institution | 20 | 0.564 | (0.1861) |
Full model | Reduced model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Coefficient | Asymptotic standard error | p-value | Coefficient | Asymptotic standard error | p-value |
Constant | 0.579 | 0.0371 | <0.0001 | 0.641 | 0.0140 | <0.0001 |
Gender (0 = male, 1 = female) | 0.045 | 0.0266 | 0.0948 | - | - | - |
Age | 0.003 | 0.0029 | 0.3553 | - | - | - |
Type of dementia (0 = Other, 1 = AD) | 0.006 | 0.0327 | 0.8522 | - | - | - |
Severity of dementia | ||||||
Moderate | 0.043 | 0.0280 | 0.1258 | - | - | - |
Severe | -0.079 | 0.0534 | 0.1405 | - | - | - |
Dependency status (0 = independent, 1 = dependent) | -0.289 | 0.0534 | <0.0001 | -0.297 | 0.0551 | <0.0001 |
Setting (0 = community, 1 = nursing home) | 0.027 | 0.0368 | 0.4672 | - | - | - |
R2
| 0.1776 | 0.1502 |