Use a banna mini-pig to set up 125I implantation model, and investigate the consequence of radiation-related impairments.
Methods
In present study, 125I seeds were implanted into spinal canal of T13 level of spine in banna mini-pigs. After operation, the pigs were raised up to 8 months, behavior changes were recorded within this period. After 8 months, spinal cords were collected for pathological analysis.
Results
In this study, a 125I brachytherapy animal model had been successfully established, in the model group, the banna pigs' Tarlov scale decreased from 5 to 2.57 ± 0.36, significant cellular impairments were noted by pathological analysis.
Conclusions
Without any protection and operation improvement, 125I implantation can cause serious histological impairments and moving difficulty for banna mini-pigs; this present research provides an alternative tool to study spinal 125I brachytherapy.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1477-7819-10-48) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Zuozhang Yang, Yongqing Xu, Dakuan Yang, Hongpu Sun contributed equally to this work.
Authors' contributions
ZY was responsible for whole project design and manuscript writing; YX, DY, HS are in charge of establishment of animal model; RZ, XW, and JZ are in charge of data analysis; HJ, LX and JZ are in charge of data analysis and correction of manuscript. All the authors had read and approved the final manuscript.
Background
As the most frequent bone metastasis, spinal metastases cause severe pain and damage to vertebral bodies such as spinal osteolytic destruction and compression fractures [1, 2].
Brachytherapy, a form of radiotherapy, a radiation source is permanently placed inside or next to treatment locus. Although 125I brachytherapy is an effective way to kill tumor cells locally and protect healthy tissues, some complications occurs, such as radiation damages to the tissue around the seeds, which may cause complications, especially radiation myelopathy [3, 4]. How to reduce this side effect attracted abundant effort from related medical scientists, but clinically complicate conditions restricted the progress of this kind of research.
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Animal model has long been a good tool to help medical researcher to mimic human body situation and find the best way to solve the clinical problems. Aim to solve the radiation myelopathy problem, many rodent animal models had been used, however, the rodent is small in size compared to human and their immunology system is also different from human being, which restricts the usage of this kind of animal model. In this present study, we chose a banna-mini pig as our model animal; because it had similar body size as human and its structure of spinal cord also share the similar anatomy structure with human. Aim to mimic the actual clinical conditions, Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)-guided operation was performed and 125I seeds were implanted into spinal canal in T13 level of banna mini-pigs. After raised the banna pigs up to 8 months, the pathological impairments caused by 125I were investigated and we also manage to find whether their impairments share the similar character with clinical patients which receive the 125I brachytherapy.
Materials and methods
Radiation source and reagents
Brachytherapy seeds iodine-125 (BT-125-1) were purchased from Shanghai Xinke Medicine Ltd. Apparent radioactivity was 1.00 mCi/seed and half time is 59.4 days. Before purchase, the 125I seeds were randomly picked up for activity testing to confirm the seed container integrity and apparent activity of seeds. In fact, one day before operation, we selected 30 seeds randomly to used hospital setting to test the apparent activity, and found the actual dose per seed was between 0.64 mci-0.67 mci, the associated uncertainty is 0.03 mci, met the requirements.
X-ray computed tomography was from Siemens Company, Germany; DSA (Digital Subtraction Angiography) were from Philips company, Netherlands; Treatment planning system (TPS) were from Hejie medical instrument company, China. CRC-15R calibrator was from CAPINTEC Inc, USA.
All the small instruments including sterile common needle, hammer, seed injection needle were purchase from Guan Long Ltd, Shandong, China.
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Animal
8 healthy adult female Banna mini-pigs were selected for experiments. The animals were provided and raised by the Animal Center at Kunming Medical College. Their masses ranged from 20 to 25 kg (average 22.7 kg). The mini-pigs adapted laboratory environment for one week before modeling. This housing facility is a barrier housing facility, and it has been in keeping with national standard "Laboratory Animal--Requirements of Environment and Housing Facilities". The care of laboratory animal and the animal experimental operation have conforming to "Chinese Administration Rule of Laboratory Animal", after carful CT scan and consideration, T13 level in spine of banna pig was selected as our 125I implanting target because it is easier to control and facilitate the whole operation. The target of T13 level was shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
3D schematic pictures of T13 level of spine in banna mini-pig.
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6 pigs were selected to receive the 125I implantation, defined as group A, two pigs were kept as age-matched normal control, termed group B. In group A, total 8 brachytherapy seeds were implanted into epidural space outside of vertebral body at T13 level. The pigs were raised up to eight months (equal to 4 half-lives of 125I).
Determination of seed number for implant
Based on the classical dosimetry calculating method cited by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the seed number was determined by the length of three dimension axis which is the distance from the seed to the target. The formula is following, seed number = [(length + width + thickness/3) ×5] ÷ (seed original activity), and according to the empirical experience, the actual dose density should be increase 20~30% based on the theoretical value.
With help of accurate CT scan, 1 cm is determined for the target length, width and thickness, the apparent activity for one seed is 0.65 mCi, all the data were put into formula, predicted seed number is [(1+1+1)/3 × 5]÷0.65 = 8; the total is approximately 5 mCi.
Radiation Dose Calculations
This study adopted Monte Carlo-aided dosimetry to measure radiation dose received by mini-pig spine cord in the whole of brachytherapy process, referred from refer "Dosimetry of Interstitial Brachytherapy Sources -- REPORT OF AAPM RADIATION THERAPY COMMITTEE TASK GROUP 43"[5, 6]. Briefly, at beginning, we calculate the initial dose (termed as D(0)) instantly after the 125I particles were implanted into spinal cord T13 level, the formula was D(0) = A0×1.27 ×Λ×g(r)×F(r θ)/r2, A0 is particle initial radiation dose, which was tested by CRC-15R calculator on the day before implanting. Λ is constant parameter for 125I, in our research, the value is 1.06, r is the distance between spinal surface to 125I particles, which was obtained from the MRI detecting data, g(r) is radial dose functions, and F(r θ) is anisotropy constant, the detailed data we calculated based on published method [5‐7]. After D0 has been confirmed, the spine received radiation dose is calculated by formula D(T)= D(0)*T1/2*1.443*[1- e-T*0.693/T1/2]. D(T) means the total received dose within time interval T, e is natural constant.
Operation Procedures
TPS system was implemented to manage the whole procedure. Before operation, the T13 CT scan photo and physical parameters of 125I seeds were put into the TPS system to let the software to create the detailed treatment plan automatically. Then we follow the TPS procedure to do the operation, the mini-pigs were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital through ear veins, and then were placed in prone positions followed by skin preparation and sterilization. Digital subtraction angiography was used to precisely localize surface projection of T13 vertebra body and vertebral pedicle. Following the template, a syringe needle, mounted with 20 to 30 degree angle to coronal plate, went into the pedicle of vertebral arch where it connects vertebra, and was placed into the T13 anterior spinal canal. Meglumine diatrizoate was used to confirm the location of the needle. Then 125I seeds were implanted into right front of the spinal canal. After the whole operation, CT scan was performed to test the seeds location instantly. Figure 2 showed the detailed implant position in spinal canal.
Figure 2
125I seeds implanting Position in spinal canal.
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Physical condition assessment of model animals
Tarlov scale is a 5-point scale to assess upper and lower limb locomotion. This scale was widely accepted by American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) as International Standards for assessing the spinal impairment [8]. In this present study, tarlov scale was used to measure the banna-pigs spinal impairment condition after operation.
Hematological analysis were also performed, the peripheral blood sample were collected at five time points, they were before seeds implantation, 1 week, 1 month, 2 month and 8 month post-operation. The white cell number, hemoglobin, blood platelet and creatinine were examined as indexes.
Pathological analysis
After 8 months, all the pigs were anesthetized and executed, the T13 level was taken out to figure out the distribution about 125I seeds. The spinal cord was put into 10% formaldehyde solution for fixation. After 48 hours in 10% formaldehyde solution, spinal cord was cut into 4 mm thick slice for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining.
Double staining of spinal cord for electron microscopy
A series of sections from the vertebral body and spinal cord in 6 banna mini-pigs were processed for electron-microscopic double staining to reveal cellular and sub-cellular alteration in morphology. For this double-labeling procedure, sections were first fixed with 3.5% glutaraldehyde solution and 1% osmic acid solution, and then dehydrated with gradient ethanol and acetone; Last step double stain with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, then observed under JEM-1-11 transmission electron microscopy.
Data analysis
Standard statistical software(SPSS version15.0; SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL) was used for data analysis. Student's t-test was used for variable data analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were presented at mean ± sd.
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Results
Confirmation of 125I seeds implant at the spinal T13 level by DSA and CT scanning
DSA scan recorded the whole operation procedure, the operation was successfully finished. See Figure 3.
Figure 3
DSA scan of in-process-operation and post-operation. A) process of operation, seeds were injecting into T13 level of spine in banna pigs; B) seeds were implanted into target region post-operation.
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After complete the operation 15 minutes, CT scan was performed to confirm the location and distribution of 125I seeds. See Figure 4.
Figure 4
A) and B) are CT scanning to confirm the location of seeds in T13 level of swine spine; C) is typical isodose and seeds distribution displayed in the cross section CT slices for some individual pig obtained by TPS system.
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125I Brachytherapy on Day 0 Post-implant Dosimetry
After operation was completed, CT scan was performed, with the help of TPS, the post-implant dosimetry use the dose-volume histograms (DVH) to assess implant quality, after calculation, minimum peripheral dose (mPD) is 80.1 Gy, D90 is 90.2 Gy, the mean dose for target region is 120.2Gy, D90 > mPD, suggested the seeds were successfully implanted into correct position and radiation dose met the requirement of brachytherapy based on the experience from clinical treatment; there is not an acceptable uniform standard for the spinal brachytherapy, this study was also a trial and explosive research, aimed to find the optional seed number for implantation.
Radiation dose measurement
With CT scan, radiation dose distribution through the axial, sagittal and coronal planes of vertebral body had been determined in this study. Based on the formula mentioned in the "materials and methods" sector, average radiation dose to T13 level vertebral body for each group were obtained, see table 1.
Table 1
the parameters of the three dimension of spinal canal and total radiation dose for T13 level
Animals
A (mCi)
Λ
Fan angle
Pitch angle
r
g(r)
f (rq)
Dose rate
D(4T1/2)
(cGy)
( ± s)
(cGy)
1
1.27
1.06
64.2
162.4
0.79
1.039
1
0.91
1752.86
2
1.27
1.06
64.2
162.4
0.8
1.039
1
0.89
1986.84
3
1.27
1.06
65.6
160.1
0.8
1.039
1
0.89
1680.38
4
1.27
1.06
64.5
162.4
0.74
1.039
1
1.04
1972.58
1853 ± 142.89
5
1.27
1.06
65
161.8
0.77
1.039
1
0.96
1986.52
6
1.27
1.06
63.1
164.1
0.78
1.039
1
0.93
1742.41
means average dose which vertebral body received in the 8 months.
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Physical condition assessment of Banna mini-pig
No paraplegia case was noted for 8 months after 125I implantation, but moving became difficult for banna pigs, two of them couldn't stand up after 2 months. Tarlov scale was 5 for all the normal animals while 2.57 ± 0.36 for experimental animals at 2 months and 8 months later. Hematological analysis didn't find significant change between pre-operation and post-operation, see Table 2.
Table 2
hematological index comparison between pre-implantation and post-implantation
Time
N
White cell (X109/L)
hemoglobin(g/L)
platelet (X109/L)
creatinine (μmol/L)
± SD
P* value
± SD
P value
± SD
P value
± SD
P
value
Pre-operation
6
14.23 ± 2.12
_
143.12 ± 4.89
_
452.22 ± 13.06
_
97.71 ± 8.26
_
1 week post implant
6
13.63 ± 1.23
0.475
142.83 ± 4.58
0.412
450.30 ± 16.32
0.327
98.65 ± 7.64
0.263
One month post implant
6
13.85 ± 2.35
0.436
141.57 ± 6.12
0.567
448.12 ± 17.02
0.461
99.01 ± 7.24
0.346
Two months post implant
6
13.84 ± 2.30
0.542
141.57 ± 4.69
0.523
451.98 ± 15.01
0.652
98.97 ± 7.97
0.452
8 months post implant
6
13.697 ± 1.83
0.456
141.79 ± 5.78
0.435
451.57 ± 16.28
0.493
97.05 ± 8.39
0.462
All P value was compared with pre-operation data.
Pathological assessment
The pathological analysis method was referred from widely acceptable procedures [1, 9‐11]. The obvious liquefaction necrosis was found in the spinal cord by eye observation; the size was around 0.6-0.9 cm, shown in Figure 5a. Under light microscope, inflammatory cells invading the vessels in spinal tissues were noted; grid-like morphological structure change was also found. Necrosis and denature were noted for neurons, axons disappeared, endothelial cells in vessel swelled, nissl bodies dissolved and disappeared, glycogen deposition was found in neurons and micro-vessels. All the pathological changes showed the brachytherapy caused serious cellular impairments for neurons and nerve fibroblasts. See Figure 5.
Figure 5
the pathological analysis of spinal canal. A) Necrosis region in spinal canal; B) and C) Inflammatory cell invading vessels, HE × 200 and HE × 400 respectively. D) and E) Phagocytosis of neurons, HE stain with × 200 and × 400. F) Demyelination, HE × 200.
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Electron-microscopic observations
Electron-microscopic (EM) observation was performed for sub-cellular identification. Under EM, dissolving and disappearance happened for nerve fibers, cellular organelles were unclear, obvious impairment was found for most organelles, mitochondria swelled. Apoptosis of neurons was found as well. See Figure 6.
Figure 6
Electron-microscopic observation A) Axon shrinkage and appearance of apoptotic body; B) Autophagy response; C) and D) shrinkage and swelling of neuron cells; E) Organelles' structure was unclear, mitochondria swelled, nerve fiber dissolved.
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Discussion
Metastases to the spine are a common problem in a large oncology population. Between 5% and 10% of all cancer patients develop spinal metastases during the course of their disease. Therapeutic intervention can alleviate pain, preserve or improve neurologic function, achieve mechanical stability, optimize local tumor control, and improve quality of life. Treatment options available for metastatic spine tumors include radiation therapy (RT), surgery, and chemotherapy. The appropriate treatment for an individual patient requires a multidisciplinary review including input from a medical oncologist, internist, radiologist, radiation oncologist, neurologist, and surgeon. RT is accepted as the first-line choice for most patients with metastatic spinal tumor.
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125I brachytherapy was introduced into radiation therapy since 1965[12, 13]. Brachytherapy is the placement of radioactive sources in close proximity to any tumor. It takes advantage of the simplest physical properties of radiation. High doses of radiation are present in the vicinity of a radioactive material, and a rapid drop in dose occurs with increasing distance from the source. Brachytherapy has been in use worldwide since shortly after the introduction of radioactive materials. Intracavitary or surface applications are used in some human tumor types [14] (eg, cervix, skin, and bronchus), while interstitial insertions are useful in other situations (eg, head and neck, gynecologic, prostate, and sarcoma[15].
Although 125I brachytherapy has been reported to be used in clinical treatment, its mechanism and complication have not been investigated deeply. In this present study, we successfully established a banna mini-pig model to discuss the side effect and pathological influence about 125I seeds brachytherapy to neurons and other related cells. Banna mini-pig has similar spinal structure with human, so this exploratory research will be a valuable trial to treat spinal metastasis cancer in animal model.
In this study, all the geometric data related with radiation dosimetry were measured and calculated carefully, guaranteed the radiation accuracy for this whole research, it was most important index for this research. In this study, the average radiation dose which T13 level received met the requirements which simulated the actual clinical situation.
In the clinical treatment, 125I can cause radiation myelopathy, in this present study, this point has been confirmed. Moving trouble has been observed for all the operated animals, and by pathological analysis, serious cellular impairments had been found. Electron-microscopic observation gave us further and deep understanding about the extent of impairments. This model provided an effective model to investigate the impair mechanism and it would be a helpful model for researchers to improve the present technique or find a better way to solve the complication.
Conclusions
Without any protection and operation improvement, 125I implantation can cause serious histological impairments and moving difficulty for banna mini-pigs; this present research provides an alternative tool to study spinal 125I brachytherapy.
Declaration of interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Joint-Specialized Research Fund by Yunnan provincial science and technology department and Kunming medical college (Grant No. 2011FB201) and Kunming Major Program of Science and Technology Development (No.11S030003)
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Authors' contributions
ZY was responsible for whole project design and manuscript writing; YX, DY, HS are in charge of establishment of animal model; RZ, XW, and JZ are in charge of data analysis; HJ, LX and JZ are in charge of data analysis and correction of manuscript. All the authors had read and approved the final manuscript.
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