The relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome, glucose tolerance status and serum preptin level

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder associating with female infertility due to anovulation [1]. PCOS is characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism, either in the form of biochemical androgen excess or clinically as hirsutism, acne, and/or male pattern alopecia. Moreover, PCOS has been linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, hypertension, and heart disease [2‐4]. Although PCOS was described more than 50 years ago, the underlying cause of the disorder is still unclear. Recently, many studies have documented the presence of insulin resistance (IR) in both obese and lean PCOS patients, and some investigators consider IR to be an important risk factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS [5].

Preptin is a recently isolated 34-amino acid peptide hormone corresponding to Asp⁶⁹-Leu¹⁰² of the proinsulin-like growth factor II E-peptide. Preptin is present in islet β-cell granules and is co-secreted with insulin in response to glucose. Recent studies have shown that preptin enhances insulin secretion in rats [6], and there is a potential association between preptin and insulin resistance in humans [7].

As is well-known, many PCOS women have IR, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and are even diagnosed with T2DM. Women with PCOS have been considered to be insulin resistant, and are at markedly high risk for developing diabetes. According to some clinical studies, the prevalence of IGT and T2DM in PCOS women is 31%-35% and 7.5%-10.0%, respectively [8, 9]. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to determine serum preptin levels in women with PCOS, and to examine the relationship between preptin levels and PCOS and glucose tolerance with and without adjusting for confounders.

Patient characteristics according to PCOS and glucose tolerance status were shown in Table 1. PCOS patients with IGT had higher TG (P < 0.01), TC (P < 0.05), and LDL-C levels (P < 0.01), and SBP (P < 0.01) and DBP (P < 0.05) than PCOS patients with NGT. Compared with PCOS patients with NGT, PCOS patients with IGT also had higher fasting glucose (P < 0.01), 2h_OGTT glucose (P < 0.01), HbA₁c (P < 0.01), and HOMA-IR (P < 0.01) levels. Patients without PCOS and IGT had higher fasting insulin levels (P < 0.01) than patients without PCOS and NGT. We also noted significantly higher fasting glucose (P < 0.01), 2h_OGTT glucose (P < 0.01), HbA₁c (P < 0.01), and HOMA-IR (P < 0.01) levels in IGT patients without PCOS compared with NGT patients without PCOS. The serum preptin levels were higher in patients with IGT compared with NGT controls in the sub-groups with and without PCOS. However, no significant difference in preptin levels existed when the 63 PCOS patients were compared with the 63 patients without PCOS. The preptin level was highly dependent on the glucose tolerance status, but not on PCOS (Figure 1). In addition, basing on simple regression analysis of the pooled data, we found that the fasting preptin level was positively correlated with the TG, FBG, 2h_OGTT, and HOMA-IR levels, and SBP and DBP.

As shown in Table 2, we evaluated the separate and joint effects of preptin and other variables on PCOS and IGT. In model 1, while IGT and PCOS were dependent variables, preptin was included as a continuous independent variable alone; preptin had a significant effect on IGT, but not on PCOS. From model 2 to model 5, when IGT and PCOS were also dependent variables, after controlling for anthropometric variables, age, blood pressure, sex hormone concentrations, and lipid profiles, there was a significant effect of preptin on IGT, but not on PCOS.

Preptin was first purified and isolated from cultured murine βTC6-F7 β-cells by Buchanan et al. in 2001. Buchanan et al. reported that the second phase of glucose-mediated insulin secretion was increased by 30% in isolated, perfused rat pancreas which were infused with preptin. In addition, the binding of endogenous preptin by anti-preptin antibodies decreased insulin secretion. These findings supported the view that preptin enhances insulin secretion in rats in vitro [6].

Subsequently, preptin levels were shown to be higher in patients with D2TM and IGT compared with healthy controls. Fasting plasma preptin was positively correlated with HOMA-IR, but not with insulin, suggesting that preptin may play a role in the pathogenesis of IR without affecting insulin secretion [7]. Interestingly, another study assessed maternal serum and cord blood preptin levels in gravidas with gestational diabetes mellitus [12]. Both studies showed that preptin may have an association with diabetes mellitus.

To date, few published trials have been conducted focusing on the significance of preptin in humans, and only study was conducted in PCOS patients. Celik and colleagues reported that serum preptin levels in patients with PCOS were higher compared with patients without PCOS, suggesting that preptin is involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS [13].

The findings of Celik et al. were new and very interesting. Yet our main concern was the true reason for high levels of serum preptin in patients with PCOS. We are aware that many patients with PCOS have IGT or D2TM, both of which can cause an elevation of preptin in serum. Thus, we raised a hypothesis that PCOS was not associated with elevation of serum preptin.

To determine the preptin levels in PCOS patients and the net relationship between PCOS, glucose tolerance status, and the preptin level, we designed the current study as follows. First, we divided the samples into PCOS and non-PCOS groups. Then, we measured the preptin levels in women with IGT and NGT in each group. PCOS patients with IGT had significantly higher preptin levels compared with PCOS patients with NGT. Similarly, serum preptin levels were higher in patients without PCOS and IGT. However, when the preptin levels in all 126 patients were compared, no significant difference existed between patients with and without PCOS, which were not consistent with the results of Celik et al., thus indicating that the relationship between PCOS and preptin is very poor. Furthermore, we investigated the preptin levels in women with and without PCOS and NGT, and there were no differences between these two groups, which made our hypothesis more credible. We also used multivariate logistic regression analysis to explore the association between serum preptin levels and PCOS and glucose tolerance status, and observed that IGT was highly dependent on preptin, while PCOS had a weak association with preptin. Moreover, adjustment for anthropometric variables (blood pressure, and sex hormone and lipid profiles) did not affect the relationship between preptin and PCOS and glucose tolerance status. All of these findings led us to conclude that it is IGT, but not PCOS, that is responsible for the elevation of serum preptin levels in women with and without PCSO.

Another interesting finding of the current study based on simple regression analysis of pooled data was that serum preptin levels are positively correlated with HOMA-IR, but not with fasting insulin, indicating that there is a potential link between IR and preptin. Currently we are attempting to determine the relationship between preptin and IR in women with PCOS by noting the preptin changes before and after administration of insulin sensitizers.

Because this was a preliminary study focusing on PCOS, glucose tolerance status and preptin, and there were no T2DM patients in the current study, more studies including both IGT and T2DM patients are needed to clarify our findings.

The results of our study showed that preptin levels were elevated in IGT patients compared with NGT patients, and the serum preptin levels were comparable in patients with and without PCOS. Serum preptin levels are related with glucose tolerance status, but not with PCOS status.