Background
Methods
Participants
Procedure
Measures
Demographic information
Tender point assessment (pain sensitivity)
Pain rating (VAS)
Medical chart review
Criteria | Definition | Scoring |
---|---|---|
Beighton [18] | Passive hyperextension ≥10 degrees of the knee | |
Right – 1 point | ||
Left –1 point | ||
Passive hyperextension ≥10 degrees of the elbow | Right – 1 point | |
Left – 1 point | ||
Passive apposition of the thumb to the flexor aspect of the forearm | Right – 1 point | |
Left – 1 point | ||
Passive dorsiflexion of 5th finger metacarpophalangeal joint to ≥ 90o | Right – 1 point | |
Left – 1 point | ||
Forward flexion of the trunk, with the knees straight, so that the palms rest easily and flat on the floor | 1 point | |
**A score of 4/9 or greater equates hypermobility | ||
Carter & Wilkinson [19] | Bilateral passive apposition of the thumb to the flexor aspect of the forearm | 1 point |
Bilateral passive hyperextension of the fingers to lie parallel with the forearm | 1 point | |
Passive hyperextension of the elbows > 10o | 1 point | |
Passive hyperextension of the knees > 10o | 1 point | |
Bilateral excessive passive dorsiflexion of ankle and excessive foot eversion | 1 point | |
**A score of 3/5 or greater equates hypermobility |
Statistical analyses
Results
Self-reported pain and pain sensitivity
Characteristic | Mean | SDa | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 15.08 | 1.81 | 11-18 |
VASb Rating (0-10) | 5.73 | 1.37 | 1.16-8.86 |
Number of Positive Tender Pointsc (0-18) | 16.23 | 2.30 | 9-18 |
Tender Point Score (1-4 kg/cm2) | 2.26 | 0.58 | |
Number
|
%
| ||
Female | 121 | 92.4 | |
Male | 10 | 7.6 | |
Race | |||
Caucasian | 117 | 89.3 | |
Black or African-American | 9 | 6.9 | |
Other | 5 | 3.8 |
Tender Point Score | Tender Point Count | VAS Rating | |
---|---|---|---|
Tender Point Score | 1 | −0.84b | −0.08 |
Tender Point Count | −0.84b | 1 | 0.06 |
VASa Rating | −0.08 | 0.06 | 1 |
Role of hypermobility in the pain experience
Hypermobility | No Hypermobility | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Mean | Pb | CIc | |
VASa Rating | 5.59 | 5.79 | 0.42 | −2.92 – 0.68 |
Tender Point Count | 16.77 | 15.72 | 0.003 | −1.9 – -0.24 |
Tender Point Score | 2.10 | 2.41 | 0.002 | 0.12 – 0.52 |