Introduction
Methods
Participants
Testing sessions
Strength assessment
Anaerobic power test
Body composition assessment
Supplementation protocol
Resistance training protocol
Muscle biopsies and venous blood sampling
Muscle and serum creatine analysis
Dietary intake records and supplementation compliance
Reported side effects from supplements
Statistical analysis
Results
Subject Demographics
Group | Group Size | Height (cm) | Bodyweight (kg) | Age (yr) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 10 | 175.39 (7.82) | 77.91 (18.44) | 20.16 (1.46) |
CR | 10 | 173.67 (9.14) | 89.45 (22.14) | 20.36 (1.53) |
CEE | 10 | 177.55 (6.79) | 73.75 (14.98) | 20.83 (2.21) |
Dietary analysis, supplement compliance, and side effects
Group/Time | Calories (kcal/kg/day) | Protein (g/kg/day) | Carbohydrate (g/kg/day) | Fat (g/kg/day) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | ||||
Day 0 | 23.11 (9.29) | 1.00 (0.57) | 2.88 (1.06) | 1.26 (0.485) |
Day 6 | 25.93 (8.94) | 1.11 (0.37) | 3.29 (1.28) | 1.30 (0.421) |
Day 27 | 26.47 (7.14) | 1.14 (0.34) | 3.96 (1.09) | 1.40 (0.501) |
Day 48 | 26.32 (8.34) | 1.19 (0.37) | 3.24 (1.29) | 1.34 (0.293) |
CRT | ||||
Day 0 | 28.49 (9.79) | 1.24 (0.50) | 3.45 (1.35) | 1.38 (0.405) |
Day 6 | 29.67 (9.40) | 1.31 (0.27) | 3.18 (1.57) | 1.43 (0.506) |
Day 27 | 25.86 (8.36) | 1.35 (0.38) | 3.56 (1.19) | 1.41 (0.445) |
Day 48 | 28.43 (9.81) | 1.31 (0.47) | 3.20 (1.74) | 1.51 (0.505) |
CEE | ||||
Day 0 | 21.37 (9.79) | 0.94 (0.31) | 3.34 (0.82) | 1.28 (0.475) |
Day 6 | 19.66 (8.21) | 0.97 (0.26) | 3.19 (1.12) | 1.39 (0.612) |
Day 27 | 18.55 (6.62) | 0.86 (0.28) | 2.91 (0.95) | 1.27 (0.366) |
Day 48 | 17.18 (4.50) | 0.79 (0.22) | 2.82 (1.22) | 1.29 (0.250) |
Serum creatine
Serum creatinine
Body composition
Variables | Day 0 | Day 6 | Day 27 | Day 48 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Body Weight (kg) | * (p = 0.015) | * (p = 0.006) | * (p = 0.027) | |
PLA | 77.91 (18.36) | 77.94 (17.76) | 78.52 (18.64) | 78.80 (18.50) |
CRT | 89.42 (22.08) | 90.76 (22.60) | 90.55 (22.54) | 90.09 (22.86) |
CEE | 73.69 (14.94) | 74.49 (14.48) | 74.91 (15.19) | 75.32 (15.21) |
Fat-Free Mass (kg) | * (p = 0.001) | * (p = 0.001) | * (p = 0.001) | |
PLA | 54.55 (10.05) | 55.10 (9.60) | 56.05 (10.19) | 56.25 (10.22) |
CRT | 63.27 (10.79) | 64.68 (11.18) | 65.54 (11.68) | 65.12 (11.39) |
CEE | 59.06 (8.46) | 59.74 (8.16) | 60.01 (8.52) | 60.11 (8.11) |
Fat Mass (kg) | * (p = 0.002) | * (p = 0.001) | * (p = 0.003) | |
PLA | 14.34 (8.92) | 13.80 (8.65) | 13.66 (8.89) | 13.68 (8.94) |
CRT | 21.55 (12.63) | 21.09 (12.40) | 20.20 (12.06) | 20.08 (12.15) |
CEE † (p = 0.043) | 10.44 (7.28) | 10.41 (7.49) | 10.50 (7.59) | 10.88 (7.88) |
Thigh Mass (kg) | * (p = 0.017) | * (p = 0.016) | ||
PLA | 8.07 (1.77) | 8.17 (1.73) | 8.31 (1.73) | 8.36 (1.71) |
CRT | 8.93 (1.78) | 9.17 (1.79) | 9.28 (1.84) | 9.34 (1.93) |
CEE | 7.58 (.81) | 8.06 (1.35) | 8.22 (1.31) | 8.21 (1.36) |
Body water
Variables | Day 0 | Day 6 | Day 27 | Day 48 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Body Water (L) | * (p = 0.022) | * (p = 0.001) | ||
PLA | 42.36 (8.68) | 43.32 (7.86) | 44.23 (8.56) | 44.79 (7.49) |
CRT | 46.34 (6.38) | 46.74 (6.72) | 47.62 (7.16) | 48.98 (7.28) |
CEE | 41.51 (5.77) | 42.32 (5.36) | 43.11 (6.20) | 43.46 (6.10) |
Intracellular Body Water (L) | * (p = 0.023) | * (p = 0.001) | ||
PLA | 24.90 (5.94) | 26.15 (4.77) | 26.57 (5.04) | 27.42 (4.30) |
CRT | 27.91 (3.97) | 28.19 (3.96) | 29.05 (4.53) | 30.43 (4.62) |
CEE | 25.03 (3.98) | 24.90 (3.78) | 25.87 (4.11) | 26.04 (4.03) |
Extracellular Body Water (L) | * (p = 0.042) | |||
PLA | 16.94 (3.80) | 17.12 (3.30) | 17.66 (3.79) | 17.36 (3.29) |
CRT | 18.44 (2.52) | 15.56 (2.87) | 18.58 (2.71) | 18.55 (2.73) |
CEE | 16.47 (2.06) | 17.42 (1.71) | 17.25 (2.20) | 17.42 (2.24) |
Muscle strength
Variable | Day 0 | Day 6 | Day 27 | Day 48 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Relative Bench Press Strength | * (p = 0.001) | * (p = 0.001) | ||
PLA | 1.04 (.26) | 1.10 (.22) | 1.12 (.20) | 1.15 (.20) |
CRT | 1.06 (.20) | 1.06 (.22) | 1.14 (.21) | 1.21 (.22) |
CEE | 1.05 (.28) | 1.07 (.30) | 1.10 (.29) | 1.12 (.29) |
Relative Leg Press Strength | * (p = 0.021) | * (p = 0.001) | * (p = 0.001) | |
PLA | 3.55 (.93) | 3.70 (.99) | 3.90 (.99) | 3.83 (.96) |
CRT | 3.37 (.53) | 3.40 (.54) | 3.72 (.66) | 3.85 (.81) |
CEE | 3.46 (.71) | 3.63 (.72) | 3.79 (.67) | 3.87 (.72) |
Anaerobic Power
Variable | Day 0 | Day 6 | Day 27 | Day 48 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Power (W/kg) | * (p = 0.046) | * (p = 0.019) | ||
PLA | 623 (136) | 633 (154) | 636 (166) | 657 (177) |
CRT | 679 (128) | 695 (127) | 724 (128) | 713 (128) |
CEE | 615 (93) | 648 (97) | 642 (111) | 648 (97) |
Peak Power (W/kg) | * (p = 0.001) | |||
PLA | 1171 (238) | 1197 (313) | 1174 (229) | 1305 (256) |
CRT | 1258 (243) | 1208 (215) | 1322 (214) | 1326 (211) |
CEE | 1107 (202) | 1210 (181) | 1196 (193) | 1251 (174) |